The number(s) in square parentheses following each reference refers to the chapter(s) in which the reference is cited.
Aagaard, K. (1978) The chironomids of Lake Malsjo/en. A phenological, diversity, and production study. Norwegian Journal of Entomology,25, 21--37.[10]
Aagaard, K. (1982) Profundal chironomid populations during a fertilization experiment in Langvatn, Norway. Holarctic Ecology,5, 325--31.[10]
Aagaard, K. (1986) The chironomid fauna of North Norwegian lakes, with a discussion on methods of community classification. Holarctic Ecology,9, 1--12.[15]
Abul-Nasr, S., Isa, A.L., Kira, M.T. and El-Tantawy, A.M. (1970a) Biological studies on the bloodworms, Chironomussp., injurious to rice seedlings in U.A.R. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt,54, 381--88.[7]
Abul-Nasr, S., Isa, A.L. and El-Tantawy, A.M. (1970b) Control measures of the bloodworms, Chironomussp., in rice nurseries. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series,4, 127--33.[13]
Adams, A. (1983) Cryptobiosis in Chironomidae (Diptera). Antenna,8, 58--61.[6]
Adzimuradov, A. (1972) The food of juvenile carp Cyprinus carpio(L.) in early development stages in bodies of water of the Arakum (Terek River Delta). Journal of Ichthyology,12, 981--6.[17]
Alfred, J.R.B. (1974) On the food of Chironomus costatus(Chironomidae: Diptera) from a shallow freshwater pond in South India. Freshwater Biology,4, 337--42.[7]
Ali, A. (1980a) Diel adult eclosion periodicity of nuisance chironomid midges of central Florida, Environmental Entomology,9, 365--70.[13]
Ali, A. (1981a) Bacillusthuringiensisserovar. israelensis(ABG-6108) against chironomids and some nontarget aquatic invertebrates. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology38, 264--72.[13]
Ali, A. (1981b) Laboratory evaluation of organophosphate and new synthetic pyrethroid insecticides against pestiferous midges of central Florida. Mosquito News,41, 157--61.[13]
Ali, A. (1989) Chironomids, algae, and chemical nutrients in a lentic system in central Florida, USA. Acta Biologica Debrecina, Oecologica Hungarica,3, 15--27.[8, 14]
Ali, A. (1990) Seasonal changes of larval food and feeding of Chironomus crassicaudatus(Diptera: Chironomidae) in a subtropical lake. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association,6, 84--8.[7][13]
Ali, A. (1991a) Perspectives on management of pestiferous Chironomidae (Diptera), an emerging global problem. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association,7, 260--81.[13]
Ali, A. (1991b) Activity of methoprene new formulations against midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) in experimental ponds. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association,7, 616--20.[13]
Ali, A. and Chaudhuri, P.K. (1988) Evaluation of a new benzoylphenylurea insect growth regulator (UC-84572) against chironomid midges in experimental ponds. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association,4, 542--4.[13]
Ali, A., Chaudhuri, P.K. and Guha, D.K. (1987) Description of Stictochironomus affinis(Johannsen)(Diptera: Chironomidae), with notes on its behavior. Florida Entomologist,70, 259--67.[7]
Ali, A. and Fowler, R.C. (1983) Prevalence and dispersal of pestiferous Chironomidae in a lakefront city of central Florida. Mosquito News,43, 55--9.[13]
Ali, A. and Lord, J. (1980) Experimental insect growth regulators against some nuisance chironomid midges of central Florida. Journal of Economic Entomology,73, 243--9.[13]
Ali, A. and Majori, G. (1984) A short-term investigation of chironomid midge (Diptera: Chironomidae) problem in saltwater lakes of Orbetello, Grosseto, Italy. Mosquito News,44, 17--21.[13]
Ali, A. and Mulla, M.S. (1976a) Insecticidal control of chironomid midges in the Santa Ana River water spreading system, Orange County, California. Journal of Economic Entomology,69, 509--13.[13]
Ali, A. and Mulla, M.S. (1976b) Chironomid larval density at various depths in a southern California water-percolation reservoir. Environmental Entomology,5, 1071--4.[13]
Ali, A. and Mulla, M.S. (1977a) Chemical control of nuisance midges in the Santa Ana River Basin, southern California. Journal of Economic Entomology,70, 191--5.[13]
Ali, A. and Mulla, M.S. (1977b) The IGR diflubenzuron and organophosphorus insecticides against nuisance midges in man-made residential-recreational lakes. Journal of Economic Entomology,70, 571--7.[13]
Ali, A. and Mulla, M.S. (1978a) Declining field efficacy of chlorpyrifos against chironomid midges and laboratory evaluation of substitute larvicides. Journal of Economic Entomology,71, 778--82.[13]
Ali, A. and Mulla, M.S. (1978b) Effects of chironomid larvicides and diflubenzuron on nontarget invertebrates in residential-recreational lakes. Environmental Entomology,7, 21--7.[13]
Ali, A. and Mulla, M.S. (1978c) Impact of the IGR diflubenzuron on invertebrates in a residential-recreational lake. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,7, 483--91.[13]
Ali, A. and Mulla, M.S. (1980) Activity of organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides against pestiferous midges in some southern California flood control channels. Mosquito News,40, 593--7.[13]
Ali, A. and Mulla, M.S. (1983) Evaluation of the planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala,as a predator of chironomid midges and mosquitoes in experimental ponds. Mosquito News,43, 46--9.[13]
Ali, A. and Nayar, J.K. (1986) Efficacy of Bacillus sphaericusNeide against larval mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the laboratory. Florida Entomologist,69, 685--90.[13]
Ali, A. and Nayar, J.K. (1987) Laboratory toxicity of a new benzoylphenylurea insect growth regulator (UC-84572) against mosquitoes and chironomid midges. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association,3, 309--11.[13]
Ali, A. and Stanley, B. H. (1981) Effects of a new insect growth regulator, UC-62644, on target Chironomidae and some nontarget aquatic invertebrates. Mosquito News,41, 692--701.[13]
Ali, A., Baggs, R.D. and Stewart, J.P. (1981) Susceptibility of some Florida chironomids and mosquitoes to various formulations of Bacillus thuringiensisserovar. israelensis,Journal of Economic Entomology,74, 672--7.[13]
Ali, A., Mulla, M.S. and Pelsue, F.W. (1976) Removal of substrate for the control of chironomid midges in concrete lined flood control channels. Environmental Entomology,5, 755--8.[13]
Ali, A., Nayar, J.K. and Kok-Yokomi, M.L. (1987) Evaluation of new experimental insect growth regulators against mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the laboratory. Proceedings and Papers of the California Mosquito and Vector Control Association,55, 81--6.[13]
Ali, A., Stafford, S.R. and Fowler, R.C. (1984) Attraction of adult Chironomidae (Diptera) to incandescent light under laboratory conditions. Environmental Entomology,13, 1004--9.[13]
Ali, A., Stanley, B.H. and Chaudhuri, P.K. (1986) Attraction of some adult midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) of Florida to artificial light in the field. Florida Entomologist,69, 644--50.[13]
Ali, A., Stanley, B.H. and Majori, G. (1985a) Daily abundance patterns of pestiferous Chironomidae (Diptera) in an urban lake front in central Florida. Environmental Entomology,14, 780--4.[13]
Ali, A., Stanley, B.H. and Stafford, S.R. (1983) Short-term daily emergence of adult Chironomidae from a natural lake and a man-made reservoir. Environmental Entomology,12, 765--7.[13]
Ali, A., Xue, R.D. and Lobinske, R. (1993) Efficacy of two formulations of the insect growth regulator, Pyriproxyfen (NylarR or SumilarvR) against nuisance midges (Chironomidae: Diptera) in man-made ponds. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association,9, in press.[13]
Ali, A., Mulla, M. S., Federici, B. A. and Pelsue, F. W. (1977) Seasonal changes in chironomid fauna and rainfall reducing chironomids in urban flood control channels. Environmental Entomology,6, 619--22.[13]
Ali, A., Mulla, M.S., Pfuntner, A.R. and Luna, L. L. (1978) Pestiferous midges and their control in a shallow residential-recreational lake in southern California. Mosquito News,38, 528--35.[13]
Ali, A., Ceretti, G., Babato, L., Marchese, G., D'Andrea, F. and Stanley, B. (1994) Attraction of Chironomus salinarius(Diptera: Chironomidae) to artificial light on an island in the saltwater lagoon of Venice, Italy. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association,10, in press.[13]
Ali, A., Majori, G., Ceretti, G., D'Andrea, F., Scattolin, M. and Ferrarese, U. (1985b) A chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) midge population study and laboratory evaluation of larvicides against midges inhabiting the lagoon of Venice, Italy. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association,1, 63--8.[13]
Ali, A., Barbato, L., Ceretti, G., Della Sala, S., Riso, R., Marchese, G. and D'Andrea, F. (1992) Efficacy of two temephos formulations against Chironomus salinarius(Diptera: Chironomidae) in the saltwater lagoon of Venice, Italy. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association,8, 353--6.[13]
Alimov, A.F., Boullion, V.V., Finogenova, N.P., Ivanova, M.B., Kuzmitskaya, N.K., Nikulina, V.N., Ozeretskovskaya, N.G. and Zharova, T.V. (1972) Biological productivity of Lakes Krivoe and Krugloe, in Productivity Problems of Freshwaters(eds Z. Kajak and A. Hillbricht-Ilkowska), PWN Polish Scientific Publishers, Warszawa-Krakow, Poland, pp.39--56.[11]
Allan, J.D. (1982) The effects of reduction in trout density on the invertebrate community of a mountain stream. Ecology,63, 1444--55.[12]
Allan, J.D. (1983) Food consumption by trout and stoneflies in a Rocky Mountain Stream with comparison to prey standing crop, in Dynamics of Lotic Ecosystems,(eds T.D. Fontaine, III and S.M. Bartell), Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, pp.371--402.[17]
Allen, K.R. (1951) The Horokiwi Stream. New Zealand Marine Department of Fisheries Bulletin,10, 1--238.[11]
Alm, T. and Willassen, E. (in press) Late Weichselian Chironomidae (Diptera) stratigraphy of Lake Nedre Aerasvatn, Ando/ya, northern Norway. Hydrobiologia[16]
Alsterberg, G. (1922) Die respiratorischen Mechanismen der Tubificiden. Kungliga Fysiografiske sallskapets i Lund Handlingar ,33, 1--175.[6]
Ambuhl, H. (1959) Die Bedeutung der Stromung als Okologischer Faktor. Schweizer Zeitschrift fur Hydrobiologie,21, 133--264.[8]
Andersen, F.S. (1938) Spatglaciale Chironomiden. Meddelelser Dansk geologisk Forening,9, 320--6.[16]
Anderson, J.F. and Hitchcock, S.W. (1968) Biology of Chironomus atrellain a tidal cove. Annals of the Entomological Society of America,61, 1597--603.[5]
Anderson, N.H. (1982) A survey of aquatic insects associated with wood debris in New Zealand streams. Mauri Ora,10, 21--33.[7]
Anderson, N.H. (1989) Xylophagous Chironomidae from Oregon streams. Aquatic Insects,11, 33--45.[7]
Anderson, N.H. (1992) Influence of disturbance on insect communities in Pacific Northwest streams. Hydrobiologia,248, 79--92.[4]
Anderson, N.H. and Cummins, K.W. (1979) Influences of diet on the life histories of aquatic insects. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,36, 335--42.[7]
Anderson, N.H. and Sedell, J.R. (1979) Detritus processing by macroinvertebrates in stream ecosystems. Annual Review of Entomology,24 351--77.[7]
Anderson, N.H., Sedell, J.R, Roberts, L.M. and Triska, F.J. (1978) The role of aquatic invertebrates in processing of wood debris in coniferous forest streams. American Midland Naturalist,100, 64--82.[7]
Anderson, N.H., Steedman, R.J. and Dudley, T. (1984) Patterns of exploitation by stream invertebrates of wood debris (xylophagy). Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie Verhandlungen,22, 1847--52.[6][7]
Anderson, L.D., Bay, E.C. and Ingram, A.A. (1964) Studies on chironomid midge control in water spreading basins near Montebello, California. California Vector Views,11, 13--20.[13]
Anderson, R.L. (1980) Chironomidae toxicity tests -- biological background and procedures, in Aquatic Invertebrate Bioassays, ASTM STP 715,(eds A. L. Buikema, Jr. and J. Cairns, Jr.), American Society for Testing and Materials, pp.70--80.[15]
Anderson, R.L., Walbridge, C.T. and Fiandt J.T. (1980) Survival and growth of Tanytarsus dissimilis(Chironomidae) exposed to copper, cadmium, zinc, and lead. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,9, 329--35.[15]
Andronikowa, I.N., Drabkova, V.G., Kuzmenko, K.N., Michailova, N.F. and Stravinskaya, E.A. (1972) Biological productivity of the main communities of the Red Lake, in Productivity Problems of Freshwaters(eds Z. Kajak and A. Hillbricht-Ilkowska), PWN Polish Scientific Publishers, Warszawa-Krakow, Poland, pp.57--71.[11]
Anonymous. (1963) Annual Report and Statement of Accounts. Aukland Metropolitan Drainage Board,Auckland, New Zealand.[13]
Anonymous. (1974) A Report on Midge in the Kanda River. Report of the Department of Sewer Systems, Metropolitan Tokyo,Tokyo.[13]
Anonymous. (1977) Economic Impact Statement, Blind Mosquito (Midge) Task Force. Sanford Chamber of Commerce, Seminole County,Florida.[13]
Anthony, D.W. (1975) Use of viruses for control of aquatic insect pests. United States Environmental Protection Agency,EPA-600/3-75-100.[13]
Armitage, P.D. (1968) Some notes on the food of the chironomid larvae of a shallow woodland lake in South Finland. Annales Zoologici Fennici,5, 6--13.[7][12]
Armitage, P. D. (1970) The Tanytarsini (Diptera: Chironomidae) of a shallow woodland lake in South Finland, with special reference to the effects of winter conditions on the larvae. Annales Zoologici Fennici,7, 313--22.[10]
Armitage, P.D. (1971) Some aspects of the ecology of Pagastiella orophila(Diptera: Chironomidae) in the Lake Kuusij„rvi, in the south of Finland. Canadian Entomologist,103, 306--10.[7]
Armitage, P.D. (1976) A quantitative study of the invertebrate fauna of the River Tees below Cow Green Reservoir. Freshwater Biology,6, 229--40.[17]
Armitage, P.D. (1977) Development of the macro-invertebrate fauna of Cow Green reservoir (Upper Teesdale) in the first five years of its existence. Freshwater Biology,7, 441--54.[9][17]
Armitage, P.D. (1984) Environmental changes induced by stream regulation and their effect on lotic macroinvertebrate communities, in Regulated Rivers,(ed. A. Lillehammer and S. J. Saltveit), Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, pp.139--65.[15]
Armitage, P.D. and Blackburn, J.H. (1985) Chironomidae in a Pennine stream system receiving mine drainage and organic enrichment. Hydrobiologia,121, 165--72.[15]
Armitage, P.D., Moss, D., Wright, J.F. and Furse, M.T. (1983) The performance of a new biological water quality score system based on macroinvertebrates over a wide range of unpolluted running-water sites. Water Research,17, 333--47.[15]
Ashe, P. (1983) A catalogue of chironomid genera and subgenera of the world including synonyms (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,17, 1--68.[3][18]
Ashe, P. (1985) A larval diagnosis for the subfamily Buchonomyiinae with a description of the 1st instar of Buchonomyia thienemanniFittk. (Diptera: Chironomidae). Spixiana Supplement11, 143--8.[3]
Ashe, P. (1990) Ecology, zoogeography and diversity of Chironomidae (Diptera) in Sulawesi with some observations relevance to other aquatic insects, Chapter 22, in Insects and the Rain Forests of South East Asia (Wallacea)(eds W.J. Knight and J.D. Holloway), The Royal Entomological Society, London, pp.261--8.[4]
Ashe, P. (1993) Corrections to the Chironomidae part of the Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 215--21.[4]
Ashe, P. and Cranston, P.S. (1990) Chironomidae, in Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera, Volume 2,(eds A. Soos and L. Papp), Akademiai Kiado, Budapest and Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp.113--355.[3][4][18]
Ashe, P. and Murray, D.A. (1983) Observations on and descriptions of the egg-masses of Buchonomyia thienemanniFitt. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society,34, 3--13.[5]
Ashe, P., Murray, D.A. and Reiss, F. (1987) The zoogeographical distribution of Chironomidae. Annales de Limnologie,23, 27--60.[3][4][18]
Austin, J.E., Serie, J.R. and Noyes, J.H. (1990) Diet of canvasbacks during breeding. Prairie Naturalist,22(3), 171--6.[17]
Avery, R.A. (1968) Food and feeding relations of three species of Triturus(Amphibia Urodela) during the aquatic phases. Oikos,19, 408--12.[17]
Azzouzi, A., Laville, H. and Reiss, F. (1992) Nouvelles recoltes de Chironomides du Maroc. Annales de Limnologie,28, 225--32.[4]
Back, C., Boisvert, J., Lacoursiere, J.O. and Charpentier, G. (1985) High-dosage treatment of a Quebec stream with Bacillus thuringiensisserovar. israelensis: Efficacy against black fly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae) and impact on non-target insects. The Canadian Entomologist,117, 1523--34.[15]
Bagge, P., Lemmetyinen, R. and Raitis, T. (1973) Spring food of some diving waterfowl in the southwestern Finnish archipelago. Oikos,15, 146--50.[17]
Baker, A.S. and McLachlan, A.J. (1979) Food preferences of Tanypodinae larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Hydrobiologia,62, 283--8.[7][12]
Baker, J.H. and Bradnam, L.A. (1976) The role of bacteria in the nutrition of aquatic detritivores. Oecologia,(Berlin) 24, 95--104.[7]
Baldo, B.A. and Panzani, R.C. (1988) Detection of IgE antibodies to a wide range of insect species in subjects with suspected inhalant allergies to insects. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology,85, 278--87.[14]
Baranova, V.P. and Miroshnichenko, M.P. (1969) Usloviya i perspektivy vyrashchivaniya molodi osetra na Volgogradskom Osetrovom Rybozavode.[Conditions and prospects for culturing sturgeon fry in the Volgograd sturgeon nursery] Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal,5, 70--4.[17]
Barbato, L. C., Filia, L. A., Maraga, B., Pancino, O. and Tsuroplis, E. (1990) Problematiche relative al controllo dei Chironomidi nella Laguna di Venezia, in Chironomidi, Culicidi, Simulidi -- Aspetti Sanitari ed Ecologici,(eds F. D'Andrea and G. Marchese), Regione Veneto, ULSS 16, S.I.P., Venice.[13]
Barber, W.E. and Kevern, N.R. (1973) Ecological factors influencing macroinvertebrate standing crop distribution. Hydrobiologia,43, 53--75.[6]
Barclay, C.M. and Harrel, R.C. (1985) Effects of pollution effluents on two successive tributaries and Village Creek in southeastern Texas. The Texas Journal of Science,37, 175--88.[15]
Barthelmes, D. (1970) Untersuchungen zur Steigerung der Naturnahrungsproduktion und der Ertrage im Karpfenteich durch Vervielfachung des Ersttespannungs - gzw. Neubespannungs effektes. Zeitschrift fur Fischerei und deren Hifswissenshaften,18, 87--95.[17]
Battarbee, R.W., Mason, J., Renberg, I. and Talling, J.F. (eds) (1990) Palaeolimnology and lake acidification. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Series B),327, 227--445.[16]
Batzer, D.P. and Resh, V.H. (1991) Trophic interactions among a beetle predator, a chironomid grazer, and periphyton in a seasonal wetland. Oikos60, 251--7.[7]
Baumgartner, D.L. (1986) Failure of mosquitoes to colonize teasel axils in Illinois. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association,2, 371--3.[6]
Baur X. (1982) Chironomid hemoglobin. A major allergen for humans. Chironomus,2, 24--5.[14]
Baur X. (1992) Chironomid midge allergy. Japanese Journal of Immunology,41, 81--5.[14]
Baur, X. and Mazur, G. (1988) Structures of major chironomid allergens and epitopes: studies with allergen fragments, a synthetic peptide, monoclonal, and human antibodies, in International Symposium on Mite and Midge Allergy,(ed. T. Miyamoto), Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Tokyo, pp.364--72.[14]
Baur, X., Dewair, M., Fruhmann, G., Aschauer, H., Pfletschinger, J. and Braunitzer, G. (1982) Hypersensitivity to chironomids (non-biting midges): localization of the antigenic determinants within certain polypeptide sequences of hemoglobins (erythrocruorins) of Chironomus thummi thummi(Diptera). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 68, 66--76.[14]
Baur, X., Aschauer, H., Mazur, G., Dewair, M., Prelicz, H. and Steigemann, W. (1986) Structure, antigenic determinants of some clinically important insect allergens: chironomid hemoglobins. Science, 233, 351--4.[14]
Baur, X., Dewair, M., Haegele, K., Prelicz, H, Scholl, A. and Tichy, H. (1983) Common antigenic determinants of haemoglobin as basis of immunological cross-reactivity between chironomid species (Diptera, Chironomidae): studies with human and animal sera. Clinical Experimental Immunology,54, 599--607.[14]
Baur, X., Liebers, V., Mazur, G., Becker, W.-M., Kagen, S.L. and Kawai, K. (1991) Immunological cross-reactivity of hemoglobins in the Diptera family Chironomidae. Allergy,46, 445--51.[14]
Bay, E.C. (1964) An analysis of the "Sayule" (Diptera: Chironomidae) nuisance at San Carlos, Nicaragua, and recommendations for its alleviation. World Health Organization,WHOEBL/20.[13]
Bay, E.C. (1974) Predator-prey relationships among aquatic insects. Annual Review of Entomology,19, 441--53.[13]
Bay, E.C. and Anderson, L.D. (1965) Chironomid control by carp and goldfish. Mosquito News,25, 310--6.[13]
Bay, E.C. and Anderson, L.D. (1966) Studies with the mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis,as a chironomid control. Annals of the Entomological Society of America,59, 150--3.[13]
Baz, L. G. (1959) Biology and morphology of the genus Microtendipeswhich live in the canals of the Utchinsk reservoir. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo gidrobiologicheskogo Obshchestva,9, 74--84.[5]
Bazerque, M. F., Laville, H. and Brouquet, Y. (1989) Biological quality assessment in two rivers of the Northern Plain of France (Picardie) with special reference to chironomid and diatom indices. Acta Biologica Debrecina Supplementum Oecologica Hungarica,3, 29--39.[15]
Bazzanti, M. and Bambacigno, F. (1987) Chironomids as water quality indicators in the river Mignone (Central Italy). Hydrobiological Bulletin,21, 213--22.[15]
Bazzanti, M. and Seminara, M. (1985) Seasonal changes of the profundal macrobenthic community in a polluted lake. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Hydrologie,47, 57--63.[15]
Bazzanti, M. and Seminara, M. (1987) Environmental stress in a regulated eutrophic lake indicated by the profundal macrobenthic community. Bolletino di Zoologia,54, 261--6.[15]
Beadle, L.C. (1974) The Inland Waters of Tropical Africa -- an Introduction to Tropical Limnology. Longman, London.[17]
Beattie, D.M. (1981) Investigations into the occurrence of midge plagues in the vicinity of Harderwijk. Hydrobiologia,80, 147--59.[9][13]
Beck, E. C. and Beck, Jr., W. M. (1969) Chironomidae of Florida. II. The nuisance species. Florida Entomologist,52, 1--11.[13]
Beermann, W. (1952) Chromomerenkonstanz und spezifische Modifikationen der Chromosomenstruktur in der Entwicklung und Organdifferenzierung von Chironomus tentans. Chromosoma,5, 139--98.[17]
Beermann, W. (1955) Cytologische Analyse eines Camptochironomus-Artbastards. I. Kreuzungsergebnisse und die Evolution des Karyotypus. Chromosoma,7, 198--259.[9]
Bellas, T. (1990) Occupational inhalant allergy to arthropods. Clinical Reviews in Allergy,15, 15--29.[14]
Belton, P. (1974) The analysis of direction finding in male mosquitoes, in Experimental Analysis of Insect Behaviour,(ed. L.B. Browne), Spring- Verlag, Berlin, pp.139--48.[9]
Beltzer, A.H. (1988) Feeding of Calidris fuscicollisVieillot 1819 (Aves Scolopacidae) in Del Cristal Lagoon, Saladillo River Basin, Santa Fe, Argentina. Iheringia serie Miscellanea,2, 53--62.[17]
Benedict, P.R. and Fisher, G.T. (1972) Commensalistic relationships between Plecopteracoluthus downesi(Diptera: Chironomidae) and Chauliodes pectinicornis(Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Annales of the Entomological Society of America,65, 109--11.[12]
Benke, A.C. (1979) A modification of the Hynes method for estimating secondary production with particular significance for multivoltine populations. Limnology and Oceanography,24, 168--71.[11]
Benke, A.C., Van Arsdall, Jr., T., Gillespie, D.M. and Parrish, F.K. (1984) Invertebrate productivity in a subtropical blackwater river: the importance of habitat and life history. Ecological Monographs,54, 25--63.[7][11]
Benson, D.J., Fitzpatrick, L.C. and Pearson, W.D. (1980) Production and energy flow in the benthic community of a Texas pond. Hydrobiologia,74, 81--93.[11]
Berg, K. (1938) Studies on the bottom animals of Esrom Lake. Kungelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 9, 1--255.[6]
Berg, M.B. and Hellenthal, R.A. (1991) Secondary production of Chironomidae (Diptera) in a north temperate stream. Freshwater Biology,25, 497--505.[7][10][11][18]
Berg, M.B. and Hellenthal, R.A. (1992) Life histories and growth of lotic chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America,85, 578--89.[7][10]
Berg, M.B. and Hellenthal, R.A. (1993) Role of Chironomidae in energy flow of a lotic ecosystem. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 471--6.[7]
Bergeron, D., Bushway, R.J., Roberts, F.L., Kornfield, I., Okedi, J. and Bushway, A.A. (1988) The nutrient composition of an insect flour sample from Lake Victoria, Uganda. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,1, 371--7.[17]
Berglund, B. E. (ed.) (1986) Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology,John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England. pp.869.[16]
Berrie, A.D. (1976) Detritus, micro-organisms and animals in fresh water, in The Role of Terrestrial and Aquatic Organisms in Decomposition Processes,(eds J.M. Andersen and A. MacFadyen), Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp.323--38.[7]
Bickley, W. E. and Ludlam, K. W. (1968) Insecticidal control of Glyptotendipes barbipesin two Maryland sewage lagoons. Journal of Economic Entomology,61, 1454.[13]
Biever, K.D. (1971) Effect of diet and competition in laboratory rearing of chironomid midges. Annals of the Entomological Society of America,64, 1166--9.[7][17]
Bilyj, B. and Davies, I.J. (1989) Descriptions and ecological notes on seven new species of Cladotanytarsus(Chironomidae: Diptera) collected from an experimentally acidified lake. Canadian Journal of Zoology,67, 948--62.[15]
Bindloss, M.E. (1974) Primary productivity of phytoplankton in Loch Leven, Kinross. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Series B,74, 157--181.[11]
Bjarnov, N. (1972) Carbohydrases in Chironomus,Gammarusand some Trichoptera larvae. Oikos,23, 261--3.[7]
Blaber, S.J.M. and Whitfield, A.K. (1977) The feeding ecology of juvenile mullet (Mugilidae) in south east African estuaries. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,9, 277--84.[17]
Blake, B.F. (1977) Food and feeding of the mormyrid fishes of Lake Kainji, Nigeria, with special reference to seasonal variation and interspecific differences. Journal of Fish Biology,11, 315--28.[17]
Block, W., Burn, A.J. and Richard, K.J. (1984) An insect introduction to the maritime Antarctic. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,23, 33--9.[9]
Bocher, J. (1989) Boreal insects in northernmost Greenland: palaeo-entomological evidence from the Kap Ko/benhavn Formation (Plio-Pleistocene), Peary Land. Fauna norvegica, Series B,36, 37--43.[16]
Bottger, K. (1976) Types of parasitism by larvae of water mites (Acari: Hydrachnellae). Freshwater Biology,6, 497--500.[12]
Boerger, H. (1981) Species composition, abundance and emergence phenology of midges (Diptera, Chironomide) in a brown-water stream of West- Central Alberta, Canada. Hydrobiologia,80, 7--30.[9][12]
Boerger, H., Clifford, H.F. and Davies, R.W. (1982) Density and microdistribution of chironomid larvae in an Alberta brown-water stream. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60, 913--20.[6]
Boesel, M.W. (1937) Order Diptera: Family Chironomidae, in Insects and arachnids from Canadian amber,(ed. F.M. Carpenter), University of Toronto Studies in Geology, Series,40, 44--55.[4]
Boling, R.H., Jr., Goodman, E.D., VanSickle, J.A., Zimmer, J.O., Cummins, K.W., Petersen, R.C. and Reice, S.R. (1975) Toward a model of detritus processing in a woodland stream. Ecology,56, 141--51.[7]
Bonomi, G. (1962) La dinamica produttiva delle principali populazioni macrobentoniche del lago di Varese. Memorie dell Instituto Italiano di Idrobiologia,5, 207--254.[11]
Booth, J.P. and Learner, M.A. (1978) The parasitization of chironomid midges (Diptera) by water--mite larvae (Hydracarina: Acari) in a eutrophic reservoir in South Wales. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,84, 1--28.[12]
Boothroyd, I.K.G. (1987) Taxonomic composition and life cycles of Chironomidae (Diptera) in a northern New Zealand stream. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,29, 15--22.[15]
Boothroyd, I.K.G. (1988) Temporal and diel emergence of Chironomidae (Diptera: Insecta) from a New Zealand Stream. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur theoretische und angewandte Limnologie,23, 1399--404.[9]
Borkent, A., Wirth, W.W. and Dyce, A.L. (1987) The newly discovered male of Austroconops(Ceratopogonidae: Diptera) with a discussion of the phylogeny of the basal lineages of the Ceratopogonidae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington,89, 587--606.[3]
Borkent, A. (1984) The systematics and phylogeny of the Stenochironomuscomplex (Xestochironomus,Harrisius,and Stenochironomus) (Diptera: Chironomidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada,128, 1--269.[7]
Borob'ev, B.A. (1960) Dipterous larvae inhabiting water lying in the leaf axils of the teasel. Entomological Review Washington,39, 579--80.[6]
Borutski, E.V. (1939) Dinamika biomassy Chironomus plumosusprofundali Belogo Ozera. Trudy Limnologicheskoi Stantsii v Kosine,22, 156--95.[11]
Borutski, E.V., Sokolova, N.Yu. and Yablonskaya, E.A. (1971) A review of Soviet studies into production estimates of chironomids. Limnologica,8, 183--91.[11]
Bottorff, R.L. and Knight, A.W. (1987) Ectosymbiosis between Nanocladius downesi(Diptera: Chironomidae) and Acroneuria abnormis(Plecoptera: Perlidae) in a Michigan stream, USA. Entomologia Generalis,12, 97--113.[12]
Botts, P.S. and Cowell, B.C. (1992) Feeding selectivity of two epiphytic chironomids in a subtropical lake. Oecologia,(Berl.) 89, 331--7.[7]
Boubee, J.A.T. (1983) Past and Present Benthic Fauna of Lake Maratoto with Special Reference to the Chironomidae.Ph.D. thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. pp.251.[16]
Bouguenac, V. and Giani, N. (1992) Mise en place d'un elevation de Chironomus ripariusMeigen (Diptera, Chironomidae) … l'aval d'une station d'epuration par lagunage. Annales de Limnologie,28, 233--43.[17]
Boulton, A.J. and Suter, P.J. (1986) Ecology of Temporary Streams - an Australian Perspective, in Limnology in Australia(eds P. De Deckker and W.D. Williams), CSIRO, Melbourne/Junk, Dordrecht, pp.313--27.[6]
Bowmaker, A.P. (1968) Preliminary investigations on some aspects of the biology of Sinamwenda Estuary, Lake Kariba. Proceedings of Transactions of the Rhodesian Scientific Association,53, 3--8.[17]
Branch, H.E. (1923) Description of the early stages of Tanytarsus fatigansJOH. Entomologists News,34, 1--4.[5]
Bradshaw, W. E. and Creelman, R.A. (1984) Mutualism between the carnivorous purple pitcher plant and its inhabitants. American Midland Naturalist,112, 294--303.[6]
Brasch, J., Bruning, H. and Paulke, E. (1992) Allergic contact dermatitis from chironomids. Contact Dermatitis,26, 317--20.[6]
Braukmann, U. (1987) Zoozonologische und saprobiologische Beitrage zu einer allgemeinen regionalen Bachtypologie. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie Beiheft Ergebnisse der Limnologie,26, 1--355.[15]
Brennan, A. (1976) The Role of Particulate Material in the Ecology of Larval Chironomidae (Diptera) from an Upland River.Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.[7]
Brennan, A. (1981) Chironomus. Biologist,28, 133--8.[7]
Brennan, A. and McLachlan, A.J. (1979) Tubes and tube-building in a lotic chironomid (Diptera) community. Hydrobiologia,67, 173-8.[7]
Brennan, A. and McLachlan, A.J. (1980) Species of EukiefferiellaThienemann (Dipt., Chironomidae) from a northern river with notes on larval dwellings. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine,116, 109--11.[7]
Brennan, A., McLachlan, A.J. and Wotton, R.S. (1978) Particulate material and midge larvae (Chironomidae: Diptera) in an upland river. Hydrobiologia,59, 67--73.[7]
Bretschko, G. (1974) The chironomid fauna of a high alpine lake (Vorderer Finstertaler See) Tyrol, Austria, 2237 m asl. Entomologisk Tidskrift Supplement,95, 22--33.[6]
Bretschko, G. (1982) PontomyiaEdwards (Diptera: Chironomidae), a Member of the Coral Reef Community at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences,12, 381--5.[6]
Brett, J.R. (1957) Salmon research and hydroelectric power development. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,114, 1--26.[17]
Brinkhurst, R.O. and Kennedy, C.R. (1965) Studies on the biology of the Tubificidae (Annelida, Oligochaeta) in a polluted stream. Journal of Animal Ecology34, 429--43.[7]
Brinkhurst, R. O. (1974) The Benthos of Lakes,Macmillan Press, London.[15]
Briskie, J.V. and Sealy, S.G. (1989) Determination of clutch size in the least flycatcher. Auk,106(2), 269--78.[17]
Brock, E.M. (1960) Mutualism between the midge Cricotopusand the alga Nostoc. Ecology,41, 474--83.[7][12]
Brodin, Y.-W. (1982) Palaeoecological studies of the recent development of the Lake Vaxjosjon. IV. Interpretation of the eutrophication process through the analysis of subfossil chironomids. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,93, 313--26.[16]
Brodin, Y.-W. (1985) Lake history and climatic change in northern Europe interpreted from subfossil Chironomidae (Diptera). Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis,Abstracts of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science, 787, Uppsala, pp.27.[16]
Brodin, Y.-W. (1986) The postglacial history of Lake Flarken, southern Sweden, interpreted from subfossil insect remains. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie, 71, 371--432.[16]
Brodin, Y.-W. (1990) Midge fauna development in acidified lakes in northern Europe. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London. Series B,327, 295--8.[15]
Brooks, J.L. and Dodson, S.I. (1965) Predation, body size and composition of plankton. Science,150, 28--35.[12]
Brown, A.W.A., McKinley, D.J., Bedford, H.W. and Qutubuddin, M. (1961) Insecticidal operations against chironomid midges along the Blue Nile. Bulletin of Entomological Research,51, 789--801.[13]
Brown, A.E., Oldham, R.S. and Warlow, A. (1980) Chironomid larvae and pupae in the diet of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Rutland Water, Leicestershire, in Chironomidae: Ecology, Systematics, Cytology and Physiology(ed. by D.A. Murray) Pergamon Press, Oxford. pp.307--14.[12][17]
Brown, A.F. and Pascoe, D. (1988) Studies on the acute toxicity of pollutants to freshwater macro-invertebrates. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, 114, 311--9.[15]
Brues, C.T. (1924) Observations on animal life in the thermal waters of Yellowstone Park, with a consideration of the thermal environment. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Science. 59, 371--437.[6]
Brundin, L. (1949) Chironomiden und andere Bodentiere de sudschwedischen Urgebirgseen. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der bodenfaunistischen Charakterzuge schwedischer oligotropher Seen. Report of the Institute of Freshwater Research, Drottningholm,30, 1-914.[9][10][15]
Brundin, L. (1956) Die bodenfaunistischen Seetypen und ihre Anwendbarkeit auf die Sudhalbkugel. Zugleich eine Theorie der produktionsbiologischen Bedeutung der glazialen Erosion. Report of the Institute of Freshwater Research, Drottningholm,37, 186--235.[12]
Brundin, L. (1958) The bottom faunistical lake type system and its application to the southern hemisphere. Moreover a theory of glacial erosion as a factor of productivity in lakes and oceans. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,13, 288--97.[15]
Brundin, L. (1966) Transantarctic relationships and their significance, as evidenced by chironomid midges with a monograph of the subfamilies Podonominae and Aphroteniinae and the austral Heptagyiae. Kunglica Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar,11, 1--472 + 30 plates.[2][3][4][6][7][18]
Brundin, L. (1976) A neocomian chironomid and Podonominae- Aphroteniinae (Diptera) in the light of phylogenetics and biogeography. Zoologica Scripta5, 139--60.[3][4][18]
Brundin, L. (1983a) Chilenomyia paradoxagen. n. and Chilenomyiinae, a new subfamily amongst the Chironomidae. Entomologica Scandinavica14, 33--45.[2][3][18]
Brundin, L. (1983b) Two new aphrotenian larval types from Chile and Queensland, including Anaphrotenia lacustrisn. gen., n.sp. (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica,14, 415--33.[3]
Brundin, L. and Saether, O.A. (1978) Buchonomyia burmanicasp. n. and Buchonomyiinae, a new subfamily among the Chironomidae (Diptera). Zoologica Scripta7, 269--75.[3]
Bryce, D. (1962) Chironomidae (Diptera) from fresh water sediments, with special reference to Malham Tarn (Yorks.). Transactions of the Society for British Entomology, 15, 41--54.[16]
Buchmann, W. (1932) Chironomidenschaden bei dem Belebt-Schlamm-Verfahren und ihre Verhutung und Behebung mit chemischen Mitteln. Zeitschrift fuer Gesundheitstechnik und Stadthygiene,1, 31--8.[13]
Buckley, B.R. and Sublette, J.E. (1964) Chironomidae (Diptera) of Louisiana. II. The limnology of the upper part of Cane River Lake, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, with particular reference to the emergence of Chironomidae. Tulane Studies in Zoology, New Orleans,11, 151--66.[9]
Buhl, K. J. and Faerber, N. L. (1989) Acute toxicity of selected herbicides and surfactants to larvae of the midge Chironomus riparius. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,18, 530--6.[15]
Bund van de, W. (1993) Competition between Stictochironomus histrioand Polypedilum agg. nubeculosumin the littoral of Lake Maarsseveen I. in prep.[9]
Bunn, S.E., Edward, D.H.D. and Loneragan, N.R. (1986) Spatial and temporal variation in the macroinvertebrate fauna of streams of the northern jarrah forest, Western Australia: community structure. Freshwater Biology,16, 67-91.[6][15]
Burfield, I. and Williams, D.N. (1975) Control of parthenogenetic chironomid with pyrethrins. Water Treatment and Examination,24, 57--67.[13]
Burrett, C., Duhig, N., Berry, R. and Varne, R. (1991) Asian and south-western Pacific continental terranes derived from Gondwana, and their biogeographic significance, in Austral Biogeography(eds P.Y. Ladiges, C.J. Humphries and L.W. Martinelli), CSIRO, Melbourne, pp.13--24.[4]
Burtt, E.T., Perry, R.J.O. and McLachlan, A.J. (1986) Feeding and sexual dimorphism in adult midges (Diptera: Chironomidae). Holarctic Ecology 9, 27--32.[2][3][9]
Bush, G.L. (1975) Modes of animal speciation. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics,6, 339--54.[4]
Buskens, R.F.M. and Moller-Pillot, H.K.M. (1993) The Netherlands as an environment for chironomid fauna. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 223--8.[4]
Buskens, R.F.M. (1987) The chironomid assemblages in shallow lentic waters differing in acidity, buffering capacity and trophic level in the Netherlands. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,29, 217--24.[15]
Buskens, R.F.M. (1989) Monitoring of chironomid larvae and exuviae in the Beuven, a soft-water pool in the Netherlands, and comparisons with palaeolimnological data. Acta Biologica Debrecina Oecologica Hungarica,3, 41--50.[16]
Butler, M.G. (1980) Emergence phenologies of some arctic Alaskan Chironomidae, in Chironomidae. Ecology, Systematics, Cytology and Physiology,(ed. D.A. Murray), Pergamon Press, New York, pp.307--14.[9]
Butler, M.G. (1982a) Morphological and phenological delimitation of Chironomus priornew species and Chironomus tardusnew species (Diptera: Chironomidae) sibling species from Arctic Alaska. Aquatic Insects,4, 219--35.[9]
Butler, M.G. (1982b) A 7-year life cycle for two Chironomusspecies in arctic Alaskan tundra ponds (Diptera: Chironomidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology,60, 58--70.[9][10]
Butler, M.G. (1982c) Production dynamics of some arctic Chironomuslarvae. Limnology and Oceanography,27, 728--36.[10][11]
Butler, M.G. (1984) Life histories of aquatic insects, in The Ecology of Aquatic Insects(eds V.H. Resh and D.M. Rosenberg), Praeger, New York, pp.24--55.[9]
Campbell, P. G. C. and Stokes, P. M. (1985) Acidification and toxicity of metals to aquatic biota. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,42, 2034--49.[15]
Candolle, A.P. de (1820) Geographie botanique, in Dictionaire des sciences naturellesXVII Strasbourg, Paris [not seen, ex. Nelson, G., 1978][4]
Candolle, A.P. de (1838) Statistique de la famille des composes, Paris [not seen, ex. Nelson, G., 1978][4]
Cantrell, M.A. and McLachlan, A.J. (1982) Habitat duration and dipteran larvae in tropical rain pools. Oikos,38, 343--8.[6]
Carpenter, G.D.H. (1920) A Naturalist on Lake Victoria. Fisher Unwin Ltd, London.[14]
Carter, C.E. (1973) A Study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Lough Neagh.Ph.D thesis, New University of Ulster.[10]
Carter, C.E. (1977) The recent history of the chironomid fauna of Lough Neagh, from the analysis of remains in sediment cores. Freshwater Biology,7, 415--23.[16]
Carter, C.E. (1978) The fauna of the muddy sediments of Lough Neagh, with particular reference to eutrophication. Freshwater Biology,8, 547--59.[15]
Carter, C.E. (1980) The life cycle of Chironomus anthracinusin Lough Neagh. Holarctic Ecology,3, 214--7.[10]
Casas, J.J. and Vilchez-Quero, A. (1989) A faunistic study of the lotic chironomids (Diptera) of the Sierra Nevada (S.E. of Spain): changes in the structure and composition of the populations between spring and summer. Acta Biologica Debrecen, Oecologica Hungarica,3, 83--93.[4]
Caspary, V.G. and Downe, A.E.R. (1971) Swarming and mating of Chironomus riparius(Dipt., Chironomidae). Canadian Entomologist,103, 444--8.[9]
Caspers, N. (1951) Rhythmische Erscheinungen in der Fortpflanzung von Clunio marinus(Dipt., Chiron.) und das Problem der lunaren Periodizitat bei Organismen. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Supplementband,18, 415--594.[9]
Caspers, H. (1983a) Sukzessionsanalyse des Makrozoobenthos eines neu angelegten stehenden Gewassers. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Supplementband,65, 300--70.[9]
Caspers, N. (1983b) Chironomiden-Emergenz zweier Lunzer Bache, 1972. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Supplementband,65, 484--549.[9][18]
Catalan, Z.B. and White, D.S. (1982) Creating and maintaining cultures of Chironomus tentans(Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomology News,93, 54--8.[17]
Cattaneo, A. (1983) Grazing on epiphytes. Limnology and Oceanography,28, 124--32.[7]
Cavanaugh, W.J. and Tilden, J.E. (1930) Algal food, feeding and casebuilding habits of the larvae of the midge fly, Tanytarsus dissimilis. Ecology,11, 281--7.[5]
Ceretti, G., Ferrarese, U., Francesion, A. and Barbaro, A. (1987) Chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the natural diet of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurataL.) farmed in the Venice lagoon. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,29, 289--92.[13]
Chapman, J. and Ecke, D. H. (1969) Study of a population of chironomid midges (Tanytarsus) parasitized by mermithid nematodes in Santa Clara County, California. California Vector Views,16, 83--8.[13]
Charles, D.F., Whitehead, D.R., Engstrom, D.R., Fry, B.D., Hites, R.A., Norton, S.A., Owen, J.S., Roll, L.A., Schindler, S.C., Smol, J.P., Uutala, A.J., White, J.R. and Wise, R.J. (1987) Paleolimnological evidence for recent acidification of Big Moose Lake, Adirondack Mountains, N. Y. (USA). Biogeochemistry,3, 267--96.[16]
Charles, D.F., Binford, M.W., Furlong, E.T., Hites, R.A., Mitchell, M.J., Norton, S.A., Oldfield, F., Paterson, M. J., Smol, J.P., Uutala, A.J., White, J.R., Whitehead, D.R. and Wise, R.J. (1990) Paleoecological investigation of recent lake acidification in the Adirondack Mountains, NY. Journal of Paleolimnology,3, 195--241.[16]
Charles, W.N., East, K., Brown, D., Gray, M.C. and Murray, T.D. (1974) The production of larval Chironomidae in the mud at Loch Leven, Kinross. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Series B,74, 241--58.[11]
Chaudhuri, P.K. and Guha, D.K. (1987) A conspectus of chironomid midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) of India and Bhutan. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,29, 23--33.[3][4]
Cheng, L. and Birch, M.C. (1978) Insect flotsam: an unstudied marine resource. Ecological Entomology,3, 87--97.[9]
Cheng, J.L. and Collins J.D. (1980) Observations on behaviour, emergence and reproduction of the marine midges Pontomyia(Diptera: Chironomidae). Marine Biology (Berlin),58, 1--6.[9]
Chevrel, R. (1894) Sur un Diptere marin du genre ClunioHaliday. Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale,3, 583--98.[9]
Chiba, Y. (1967) Activity of mosquitoes, Culex pipiens pallensand Aedes japonicusunder a step-wise decrease of light intensity. Scientific Reports of Tohoku University, Series IV (Biology),33, 7--13.[9]
Chiba, Y., Kubota, M. and Nakamura, Y. (1982) Differential effects of temperature upon evening and morning peaks in the circadian activity of mosquitoes, Culex pipiens pallensand C. pipiens molestus. Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research13, 55--60.[9]
Chura, N.J. (1961) Food availability and preferences of Juvenile Mallards. Transactions of the 26th North American Wildlife Conference,2, 121--34.[17]
Claassen, P.W. (1922) The larva of a chironomid (Trissocladius equitansn. sp.) which is parasitic upon a mayfly nymph (Rhithrogenasp.). University of Kansas Science Bulletin,14, 395--405.[12]
Clement, S.L., Grigarick, A.A. and Way, M.O. (1977) Conditions associated with rice plant injury by chironomid midges in California. Environmental Entomology,6, 91--6.[7]
Clements, W.H., Cherry, D.S. and Cairns, J. Jr., (1988) Structural alterations in aquatic insect communities exposed to copper in laboratory streams. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,7, 715--22.[15]
Cloutier, L. and Harper, P.P. (1978) Phenologie de tanypodinae de ruisseaux des Laurentides (Diptera: Chironomidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology,56, 1129--39.[9][10]
Cobo, F. and Gonzales, M.A. (1991) Etude de la derive des exuvies nymphales de Chironomides dans la riviere Sar (NO. Espagne) (Insecta, Diptera). Spixiana14, 193--203.[9]
Cocchi, F. (1966) Ricerche sui Ditteri Chironomidi dannosi al riso nella Bassa Bolognese. BollettinoOsservatorio Malattie Piante Bologna,1, 39--66.[13]
Codreanu, R. (1939) Recherches biologiques sur un chironomide Symbiocladius rhithrogenae(Zavr.) -- ectoparasite "cancerigene" des Ephemeres torrenticoles. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale,81, 1--283.[12]
Coffman, W.P. (1967) Community Structure and Trophic Relations in a Small Woodland Stream, Linesville Creek, Crawford County, Pennsylvania.Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.[7]
Coffman, W.P. (1973) Energy flow in a woodland stream ecosystem. II. The taxonomic composition and phenology of the Chironomidae as determined by the collection of pupal exuviae. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,71, 281--322. [3][9][12][18]
Coffman, W.P. (1974) Seasonal differences in the diel emergence of a lotic Chironomidae community. Entomologisk Tidskrift (Supplement)95, 42--8.[9]
Coffman, W.P. (1979) Neglected characters in pupal morphology as tools in taxonomy and phylogeny of Chironomidae (Diptera). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement. 10, 37--46.[2][9]
Coffman, W.P. (1983) Thoracic chaetotaxy of chironomid pupae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society,34, 61--70.[2]
Coffman, W.P. (1989) Factors that determine the species richness of lotic communities of Chironomidae. Acta Biologica Debrecen, Oecologica Hungarica,3, 95--100.[4]
Coffman, W.P. and Ferrington, L.C., Jr. (1984) Chironomidae, in An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America,2nd edn, (eds R.W. Merritt and K.W. Cummins), Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, pp.551--652.[1][7][18]
Coffman, W.P., Yurasits, L.A. and de la Rosa, C. (1988) Chironomidae of South India. 1. Generic composition, biogeographical relationships and descriptions of two unusual pupal exuviae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Spixiana Supplement,14, 155--65.[4]
Coffman, W.P., de la Rosa, C., Cummins, K.W. and Wilzbach, M.A. (1993) Species richness in some Neotropical (Costa Rica) and Afrotropical (West Africa) lotic communities of Chironomidae (Diptera). Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 229--37.[4]
Coffman, W.P., Cummins, K.W. and Wuycheck, J.C. (1971) Energy flow in a woodland stream ecosystem: I. Tissue support trophic structure of the autumnal community. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,68, 232--76.[7][18]
Coler, B.G. and Kondratieff, B.C. (1989) Emergence of Chironomidae (Diptera) from a delta-swamp receiving thermal effluent. Hydrobiologia,174, 67--78 [9]
Connelly, D.P. and Chesemore, D.L. (1981) Food habits of pintails, Anas acuta,wintering on seasonally flooded wetlands in the northern San Joaquin Valley, California. California Fish and Game,66, 233--7.[17]
Cook, S.F. Jr. (1962) Feeding studies of the aeneuscatfish, Corydoras aeneuson aquatic midges. Journal of Economic Entomology,55, 155--7.[13]
Cook, S.F. Jr. (1964) The potential of two native California fish in the control of chironomid midges. Mosquito News,24, 332--3.[13]
Cook, S.F. Jr., Conners, J.D. and Moore, R.L. (1964) The impact of the fishery upon the midge populations of Clear Lake, Lake County, California. Annals of the Entomological Society of America,57, 701--7.[13]
Coope, G.R. (1979) Late Coenozoic Fossil Coleoptera: Evolution, biogeography and ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,10, 247--267.[4]
Corbet, P.S. (1964) Temporal patterns of emergence in aquatic insects. Canadian Entomologist,96, 264--79.[10]
Corbet, P.S. (1967) Further observations on diel periodicities of weather factors near the ground at Hazen Camp, Ellesmere Island, N.W.T. Operation Hazen Number 31, Defense Research Board of Canada.[10]
Cordes, L.E. and Page, L.M. (1980) Feeding chronology and diet composition of two darters (Percidae) in the Iroquois River system, Illinois. American Midland Naturalist,104, 202--6.[17]
Corliss, J.O. (1960) Tetrahymena chironomisp. nov., a ciliate from midge larvae and the current status of facultative parasitism in the genus Tetrahymena,Parasitology,50, 111--53.[13]
Costa, H.H. (1979) The food and feeding chronology of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in Lake Washington. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie,64, 783--93.[17]
Cowie, B. (1980) Community Dynamics of the Benthic Fauna in a West Coast Stream Ecosystem. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Canterbury.[6]
Cowie, B. (1983) Macroinvertebrate taxa from a southern New Zealand montane stream continuum. New Zealand Entomologist,7, 439--47.[15]
Cowie, B. (1985) An analysis of changes in the invertebrate community along a southern New Zealand montane stream. Hydrobiologia,120, 35--46.[15]
Crafford, J.E. (1986) A case study of an alien invertebrate (Limnophyes pusillus,Diptera, Chironomidae) introduced on Marion Island: selective advantages. South African Journal of Antarctic Research,16, 115--7.[9]
Craig, D.A. (1969) The embryogenesis of the larval head of Simulium venustumSay (Diptera: Nematocera). Canadian Journal of Zoology,47, 495--503.[2]
Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds) (1983) Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa -- The birds of the Western Palaearctic Volume III. Waders to Gulls.Oxford University Press, Oxford.[17]
Cranston, P.S. (1982a) The metamorphosis of Symposiocladius lignicola(Kieffer) n. gen., n. comb., a wood-mining Chironomidae (Diptera). Entomologica Scandinavica,13, 419--29.[7]
Cranston, P.S. (1982b) A key to the larvae of the British Orthocladiinae (Chironomidae). Scientific Publications of the Freshwater Biological Association,45, 1--152.[6][18]
Cranston, P.S. (1984) The taxonomy and ecology of Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) fuscimanus(Kieffer), a hygropetric chironomid (Diptera). Journal of Natural History,18, 873---95.[6]
Cranston, P.S. (1985) Eretmoptera murphyi(Diptera: Chironomidae) an apparently parthenogenetic Antarctic midge. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin,66, 35--46.[6][9]
Cranston, P.S. (1987) A non-biting midge (Diptera: Chironomidae) of horticultural significance. Bulletin of Entomological Research,77, 661--8.[1][9][14]
Cranston, P.S. (1988) Allergens of non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae): a systematic survey of chironomid haemoglobins. Medical and Veterinary Entomology2, 117--27.[14]
Cranston, P.S. (1989a) The biology of the Chironomidae, with particular reference to the phylogeny, ecology and occurrence of haemoglobin, in International Symposium on Mite and Midge Allergy(ed. T. Miyamoto), Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Tokyo, pp.232--42.[14]
Cranston, P.S. (1989b) The adult males of Telmatogetoninae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,34, 17--21.[6]
Cranston, P.S. (1990) Biomonitoring and taxonomy. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,14, 265--73.[1]
Cranston, P.S. (1991) Immature Chironomidae of the Alligator Rivers RegionOpen File Report 82. Supervising Scientist for the Alligator Rivers Region, pp.269.[3][6][15]
Cranston, P.S. and Armitage, P.D. (1988) The Canary Islands Chironomidae described by T. BECKER and by SANTOS-ABREU. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitshrift N.F.,35, 341--54.[4]
Cranston, P.S. and Edward, D.H.D. (1992) A systematic reappraisal of the Australian Aphroteniinae (Chironomidae) with dating from vicariance biogeography. Systematic Entomology,17, 41--54.[2][3][4][6][9][15][18]
Cranston, P.S., Edward, D.H.D. and Colless, D.H. (1987) ArchaeochlusBrundin: a midge out of time (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology,12, 313--34.[3][4][18]
Cranston, P.S., Gad el Rab, M.O. and Kay, A.B. (1981) Chironomid midges as a cause of allergy in the Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,75, 1--4.[9][13][14]
Cranston, P.S., Gad El Rab, M.O., Tee, R.D. and Kay, A.B. (1983) Immediate-type skin reactivity to extracts of the 'green nimitti' midge (Cladotanytarsus lewisi) and other chironomids in asthmatic subjects in the Sudan and Egypt. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology,77, 527--33.[14]
Cranston, P.S. and Humphries, C.J. (1988) Cladistics and computers: a chironomid conundrum ?. Cladistics4, 72--92.[3][18]
Cranston, P.S. and Judd, D.D. (1987) Metriocnemus(Diptera; Chironomidae) -- an ecological survey and description of a new species. Journal of the New York Entomological Society,95, 534--6.[6]
Cranston, P.S. and Judd, D.D. (1989) Diptera: Fam. Chironomidae of the Arabian Peninsula. Fauna Saudi Arabia10, 236--89.[2][3]
Cranston, P.S. and Martin, J. (1989) Family Chironomidae, in Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions,(ed. N.L. Evenhuis), Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu and E.J. Brill, Leiden, pp.252--74.[3]
Cranston, P.S. and Naumann, I. (1991) Biogeography, in Insects of Australia,(ed. I. Naumann), CSIRO and Melbourne University Press, pp.181--97.[4]
Cranston, P.S. and Oliver, D.R. (1987) Problems in Holarctic chironomid biogeography. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,29, 51--6.[4][18]
Cranston, P.S. and Oliver, D.R. (1988a) Additions and Corrections to the Nearctic Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Canadian Entomologist,120, 425--62.[3][4]
Cranston, P.S. and Oliver, D.R. (1988b) Aquatic xylophagous Orthocladiinae -systematics and ecology (Diptera: Chironomidae). Spixiana Supplement,14, 143--54.[6][7]
Cranston, P.S., Oliver, D.R. and Saether, O.A. (1983) The larvae of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic Region - keys and diagnoses. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,19, 149--291.[7]
Cranston, P. S., Tee, R. M., Credland, P. F. and Kay, A. B. (1983) Chironomidae haemoglobins: their detections and role in allergy to midges in the Sudan and elsewhere. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of America,34, 71--87.[13]
Cranston, P.S., Webb, C.J. and Martin, J. (1990) The saline nuisance chironomid "Carteronica" longilobus(Diptera: Chironomidae): a systematic reappraisal. Systematic Entomology15: 401--432.[3][6][15]
Credland, P.F. (1973a) A simple method of collecting eggs of some Chironomidae (Dipt.). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine,109, 126--7.[9]
Credland, P.F. (1973b) A new method for establishing a permanent laboratory culture of Chironomus riparius Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae). Freshwater Biology,3, 45--51.[17]
Crisp, D.T., Mann, R.H.K. and McCormack, J.C. (1978) The effects of impoundment and regulations upon the stomach contents of fish at Cow Green, Upper Teesdale. Journal of Fish Biology,12, 287--302.[17]
Croizat, L. (1958) Panbiogeography,privately published by the author, L. Croizat, Caracas, Vol.I. pp.1018., Vol.IIa + IIb, pp.1731.[4]
Croizat, L. (1964) Space, Time, Form: The Biological Synthesis,privately published by the author, L. Croizat, Caracas, pp.881.[4]
Croizat, L., Nelson, G.J. and Rosen, D.E. (1974) Centers of origin and related concepts. Systematic Zoology,23, 265--87.[4]
Crosby, T.K. (1975) Food of the New Zealand trichopterans Hydrobiosis parumbripennisMcFarlane and Hydropsyche colonicaMcLachlan. Freshwater Biology,5, 105--14.[17]
Crossland, N. O. (1984) Fate and biological effects of methyl parathion in outdoor ponds and laboratory aquaria. II Effects. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,8, 482--95.[15]
Crowder, L.B. and Cooper, W.E. (1982) Habitat structural complexity and the interaction between bluegills and their prey. Ecology,63, 1802--13.[12]
Cuker, B.E. (1983) Competition and coexistence among the grazing snail Lymnaea, Chironomidae, and microcrustacea in an arctic epilithic lacustrine community. Ecology,64, 10--5.[12]
Cummins, K.W. (1973) Trophic relations of aquatic insects. Annual Review of Entomology,18, 183--206.[7]
Cummins, K.W. (1974) Structure and function of stream ecosystems. BioScience,24, 631--41.[7][12]
Cummins, K.W. and Klug, M.J. (1979) Feeding ecology of stream invertebrates. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,10, 147--72.[7]
Cummins, K.W. and Wuycheck, J.C. (1971) Caloric equivalents for investigations in ecological energetics. Mitteilungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische and Angewandte Limnologie,18, 1--158.[11][17]
Cummins, K.W., Minshall, G.W., Sedell, J.R., Cushing, C.E. and Petersen, R.C. (1984) Stream ecosystem theory. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,22, 1818--27.[15]
Cushing, C. E., McIntire, C. D., Cummins, K. W., Minshall, G. W., Petersen, R. C., Sedell, J. R. and Vannote, R. L. (1983) Relationships among chemical, physical, and biological indices along river continua based on multivariate analyses. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,98, 317--26.[15]
Cushman, R.M. (1984) Chironomid deformities as indicators of pollution from a synthetic, coal-derived oil. Freshwater Biology,14, 179--82.[15]
Cushman, R.M. and Goyert, J.C. (1984) Effects of a synthetic crude oil on pond benthic insects. Environmental Pollution (Series A),33, 163--86.[15]
Cushman, R.M. and McKamey, M.I. (1981) A Chironomus tentansbioassay for testing synthetic fuel products and effluents, with data on acridine and quinoline. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,26, 601--5.[15]
Cyr, H. and Downing, J.A. (1988) The abundance of phytophilous invertebrates on different species of submerged macrophytes. Freshwater Biology,20, 365--74.[6]
Czeczuga, B. and Bobiatynska-Ksok, E. (1968) Ecological-biological aspects of the parasitic larvae Cryptochironomusex. gr. pararostratusHarn. (Diptera: Chironomidae). Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie,53, 549--61.[12]
Dabrowski, K., Murawska, E., Terlecki, J. and Wielgosz, S. (1984) Studies on the feeding of Coregonus pollan(Thompson) alevins and fry in Lough Neagh. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie,69, 529--40.[17]
Dall, P.C., Lindegaard, C. and Jonasson, P.M. (1990) In-lake variations in the composition of zoobenthos in the littoral of Lake Esrom, Denmark. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,24, 613--20.[15]
Daneholt, B. and Edstrom, J.-E. (1967) The content of DNA in individual polytene chromosomes of C. tentans. Cytogenetics,6, 350--6.[3]
Danks, H.V. (1971a) Overwintering of some north temperate and arctic Chironomidae. II. Chironomid biology. Canadian Entomologist,103, 1875--910.[6][10]
Danks, H.V. (1971b) Life history and biology of Einfeldia synchrona(Diptera: Chironomidae). Canadian Entomologist,103, 1597--606.[7][10]
Danks, H.V. (1978) Some effects of photoperiod, temperature, and food on emergence in three species of Chironomidae (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist,110, 289--300.[9]
Danks, H.V. and Oliver, D.R. (1972a) Seasonal emergence of some high arctic Chironomidae (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist,104, 661--86.[9]
Danks, H.V. and Oliver, D.R. (1972b) Diel periodicities of emergence of some high arctic Chironomidae (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist,104, 903--16.[9]
Danks, H.V. and Jones, J.W. (1978) Further observations on winter cocoons in Chironomidae (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist,110, 667--9.[6][10]
Danell, K. and Sjoberg, K. (1977) Seasonal emergence of chironomids in relation to egg-laying and hatching of ducks in a restored lake (northern Sweden). Wildfowl,28, 129--35.[17]
Darby, R.E. (1962) Midges associated with California rice fields, with special reference to their ecology (Diptera: Chironomidae). Hilgardia,32, 1--206.[7][9][13]
Davidowicz, P. and Gliwicz, Z.M. (1983) Food of brookchar Salvelinus fontinalisin extreme oligotrophic conditions of an alpine lake. Environmental Biology of Fishes,8(1), 55--60.[17]
Davies, B.R. (1973) Field and Laboratory Studies on the Activity of Larval Chironomidae in Loch Leven, Kinross.Ph.D. Thesis, Paisley College of Technology, Scotland.[5]
Davies, B.R. (1974) The planktonic activity of larval Chironomidae in Loch Leven, Kinross. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, B,74, 241--58.[5]
Davies, B.R. (1976a) Wind distribution of the egg masses of Chironomus anthracinus(Zetterstedt) (Diptera: Chironomidae) in a shallow, wind-exposed lake (Loch Leven, Kinross). Freshwater Biology,6, 421--4.[5][9]
Davies, B. R. (1976b) The dispersal of chironomid larvae; A Review. Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa,39, 39--62.[5]
Davies, I.J. (1975) Selective feeding in some arctic Chironomidae. Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie Verhandlungen,19, 3149--54.[7][15]
Davies, I.J. (1980) Relationships between dipteran emergence and phytoplankton production in the Experimental Lakes Area, Northwestern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science,37, 523--33.[9]
Davies, L.J. and Hawkes H. A. (1981) Some effects of organic pollution on the distribution and seasonal incidence of Chironomidae in riffles in the River Cole. Freshwater Biology,11, 549--59.[15]
Davies, N.B. (1977) Prey selection and social behaviour in wagtails (Aves: Motacillidae). Journal of Animal Ecology,46, 37--57 [17]
Davies, R.W., Wrona, F.J. and Linton, L. (1979) A serological study of prey selection by Helobdella stagnalis(Hirudinoidea). Journal of Animal Ecology,48, 181--94.[17]
Davis, C.C. (1966) A study of the hatching process in aquatic invertebrates XVI. Events of eclosion in Calopsectra neoflavellusMalloch. Hydrobiologia,27, 196--207.[5]
De Pauw, N. and Vanhooren, G. (1983) Method for biological quality assessment of watercourses in Belgium. Hydrobiologia,100, 153--68.[15]
Debus, L. (1989) Food composition of bream and roach from shallow brackish coastal waters of the Southern Baltic proper with comments on possible diet overlap. Rapport et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions du Conseil Permanent International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, Copenhague,190, 118--24.[17]
Deevey, E.S., Jr. (1942) Studies on Connecticut lake sediments. III. The biostratonomy of Linsley Pond. American Journal of Science,240, 233--64, 313--38.[16]
Deevey, E.S., Jr. (1953) Paleolimnology and climate, in Climatic Change: Evidence, Causes, and Effects.(ed. H. Shapley), Harvard University Press, pp.273--318.[16]
Deevey, E.S., Jr. (1955a) Paleolimnology of the Upper Swamp Deposit, Pyramid Valley. Records of the Canterbury Museum,6, 291--344.[16]
Deevey, E.S., Jr. (1955b) The obliteration of the hypolimnion. Memorie dell'Istituto italiano di Idrobiologia, Supplement,8, 9--38.[16]
Dejoux, C. (1968) Le Lac Tchad et les Chironomides de sa partie Est. Annales Zoologica Fennici,5, 27--32.[6]
Dejoux, C. (1971) Recherches sur le cycle de developpement de Chironomus pulcher(Diptera: Chironomidae). The Canadian Entomologist,103, 465--70.[5]
Dejoux, C. (1984a) Chironomidae in western Africa (Diptera: Nematocera). Revue d'Hydrobiologie Tropicale,17, 65--76.[4]
Dejoux, C. (1984b) Contribution to the knowledge of West African Chironomidae (Diptera-Nematocera). Chironomids from the Guinean Republic. Aquatic Insects,6, 157--67.[4]
Dejoux, C. (1969) Les insectes aquatiques de lac Tchad Apercu systematique et bio-ecologique. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur theoretische und angewandteLimnologie,17, 900--6.[9]
Dejoux, C. and Troubat, J.-J. (1982) Toxicite pour la faune aquatique non cible de quelques larvacides antisimulidiens. II - L'Actellic OR M20. Revue Hydrobiologie Tropicale,15, 151--6.[15]
De la Noue, J. and Choubert, G. (1985) Apparent digestibility of invertebrate biomasses by rainbow trout. Aquaculture,50, 103--12.[17]
Delettre, Y.R. (1978) Biologie et ecologie de Limnophyes pusillusEaton, 1875 (Diptera, Chironomidae) aux Iles Kerguelen. I. Presentation generale et etude des populations larvaires. Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol,15, 475--86.[6][10]
Delettre, Y.R. (1986) La colonisation de biotopes multiples: une alternative a la resistance in situaux conditions mesologoques defavorables. Cas de Limnophyes minimus(Mg.), Diptere Chironomidae a larves Edaphiques des landes armoricaines. Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol,23, 29--38.[6]
Delettre, Y.R. (1988a) Chironomid wing length, dispersal ability, and habitat predictability. Holarctic Ecology,11(3), 166--70.[9]
Delettre, Y.R. (1988b) Flux d'evaporation corporelle et resistance a la dessication chez les larves de quelques Chironomidae terrestres (Diptera). Revue Ecologique et Biologique de Sol,25, 129--38.[6][9][10]
Delettre, Y.R. (1993) Terrestrial Chironomidae: contribution of local emergence to global aerial flow in a heterogeneous environment. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 269--71.[9]
Delettre, Y.R. and Baillot, S. (1977) Sur la resistance de larves de Chironomidae Orthocladiinae a l'assechement du sol. Compte Rendu Hebdomadaire des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, Series D,24, 1717--9.[6]
Delettre, Y.R. and Cancela da Fonseca, J.P. (1979) Biologie et Ecologie de Limnophes pusillusEaton, 1875 (Diptera, Chironomidae), aux Iles Kerguelen. II: Etude des populations imaginales et discussion. Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol,16, 355--72.[9]
Dendy, J.S. (1973) Predation on chironomid eggs and larvae by Nanocladius alternantheraeDendy and Sublette (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Entomological News,84, 91--5.[7]
Dermott, R.M. (1991) Deformities in larval Procladiusspp.and dominant Chironomini from the St. Clair River. Hydrobiologia,219, 171--85.[15]
Dermott, R.M. and Paterson, C.G. (1974) Determining dry weight and percentage dry matter of chironomid larvae. Canadian Journal of Zoology,52, 1243--50.[11]
Dermott, R.M., Kalff, J., Leggett, W.C. and Spence, J. (1977) Production of Chironomus,Procladius,and Chaoborusat different levels of phytoplankton biomass in Lake Memphremagog, Quebec--Vermont. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,34, 2001--7.[11]
Dermott, R.M., Kelso, J.R.M. and Douglas, A. (1986) The benthic fauna of 41 acid sensitive headwater lakes in North Central Ontario. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution,28, 283--92.[16, 17]
Dermott, R.M., Kalff, J., Leggett, W.C. and Spence, J. (1977) Production of Chironomus,Procladius,and Chaoborusat different levels of phytoplankton biomass in Lake Memphremagog, Quebec--Vermont. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,34, 2001--7.[11]
Devai, G. (1988) Emergence patterns of chironomids in Keszthely-basin of Lake Balaton (Hungary). Spixiana Supplementum,14, 201--11.[13]
Devai, G. (1990) Ecological background and importance of the change of chironomid fauna (Diptera: Chironomidae) in shallow Lake Balaton. Hydrobiologia,191, 189--98.[15]
Devai, G. and Moldovan, J. (1983) An attempt to trace eutrophication in a shallow lake (Balaton, Hungary) using chironomids. Hydrobiologia,103, 169--75.[15]
Devonport, B.F. and Winterbourn, M.J. (1976) The feeding relationships of two invertebrate predators in a New Zealand river. Freshwater Biology,6, 167--76.[12]
Devries, D.R., Stein, R.A. and Chesson, P.L. (1989) Sunfish foraging among patches - the patch-departure decision. Animal Behaviour,37(3), 455--64.[17]
Dewey, S.L. (1986) Effects of the herbicide atrazine on aquatic insect community structure and emergence. Ecology,67, 148--61.[15]
Dickman, M.D., van Dam, H., van Geel, B., Klink, A.G. and van der Wijk, A. (1987) Acidification of a Dutch moorland pool -- a palaeolimnological study. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, 109, 377--408.[16]
Dimitrov, M. (1974) Mineral fertilization of carp ponds in polycultural rearing. Aquaculture,3, 273--85.[17]
Dimitrov, M. (1980) Chironomid larvae growing over the oats sown for green fertilization of carp ponds. Acta Universitatis Carolinae-Biologica,1978, 43--8.[17]
Dinulesco, G. (1932) Sur la biologie d'un Chironomide nouveau Cardiocladius leoniGoetghebuer et Dinulesco ordinairement confundu avec la mouche de Golubatz Simulium columbacensis. Diptera,6, 1--9.[5][9]
Dittmar, H. (1955) Ein Sauerlandbach. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,50, 305--552.[10]
Dixit, S.S. and Witcomb, D. (1983) Heavy metal burden in water, substrate and macroinvertebrate body tissue of a polluted River Irwell (England). Environmental Pollution (Series B),6, 161--72.[15]
Dodds, W.K. and Marra, J.L. (1989) Behaviors of the midge, Cricotopus(Diptera: Chironomidae) related to the mutualism with Nostoc parmelioides(Cyanobacteria). Aquatic Insects,11, 201--8.[7][12]
Dorier, A. (1933) Sur la biologie et les metamorphoses de Psectrocladius obviusWalk. Travaux du laboratoire d'hydrobiologie et de pisciculture de l'Universite de Grenoble,25, 135-145. Dosdall, L.M. and Mason, P.G. (1981) A chironomid (Nanocladius (Plecopteracoluthus) branchicolus: Diptera) phoretic on a stonefly (Acroneuria lycorias: Plecoptera) in Saskatchewan. Canadian Entomologist,113, 141--7.[12]
Dosdall, L.M., Mason, P.G. and Lehmkuhl, D.M. (1986) First records of phoretic Chironomidae (Diptera) associated with nymphs of Pteronarcys dorsata(Say) (Plecoptera: Pteronarcyidae). Canadian Entomologist,118, 511--5.[12]
Dordel, H.-J. (1971) The process of copulation in the marine chironomid Clunio marinus(Diptera). Canadian Entomologist,103, 404--6.[9]
Downes, J.A. (1958) Assembly and mating in the biting Nematocera. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Entomology, Montreal, 1956,2, 425--34.[9]
Downes, J.A. (1969) The swarming and mating flight of Diptera. Annual Review of Entomology,14, 271--98.[9]
Downes, J.A. (1974) The feeding habits of adult Chironomidae. Entomologisk Tidskrift (Supplement),95, 84--90.[9]
Downes, J.A. and Colless, D. (1967) Mouthparts of the Biting and Blood-sucking Type in Tanyderidae and Chironomidae (Diptera). Nature, London,21, 1355--6.[9]
Downing, J.A. and Rigler, F.H. (1984) A Manual on Methods for the Assessment of Secondary Productivity in Fresh Waters. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.[11]
Drake, C.M. (1982) Seasonal dynamics of Chironomidae (Diptera) on the Bulrush Schoenoplectus lacustrisin a chalk stream. Freshwater Biology,12, 225-240.[6][10][12]
Dratnal, E. (1979) Eukiefferiella szczensnyisp. n. (Diptera, Chironomidae). Bulletin Academie Polskie Science Cl. II Serie Science Biologique,27, 183--93.[12]
Driver, E.A. (1977) Chironomid communities in small prairie ponds: characteristics and controls. Freshwater Biology,7, 121--33.[6]
Driver, E.A., Sugden, L.G. and Kovach, R.J. (1974) Calorific, chemical and physical values of potential duck foods. Freshwater Biology,4, 233-92.[17]
Duck, R.W. and McManus, J. (1984) Traces produced by chironomid larvae in sediments of an ice-contact proglacial lake. Boreas,13, 89--93.[16]
Duck, R. W. and McManus, J. (1987) Chironomid larvae trails in proglacial lake sediments: Comments. Boreas,16, 322.[16]
Dudley, T. and Anderson, N.H. (1982) A survey of invertebrates associated with wood debris in aquatic habitats. Melanderia,39, 1--21.[7]
Dudley, W.D. (1981) The 1st diets of postemergent brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) alevins in a Quebec river, Canada. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,38, 765--71.[17]
Durant, D.F., Shireman, J.V. and Gasaway, R.D. (1979) Reproduction, growth and food habits of seminole killifish, Fundulus seminolis,from two central Florida, USA, lakes. American Midland Naturalist,102, 127--33.[17]
Dusoge, K. (1980) The occurrence and role of the predatory larvae of ProcladiusSkuse (Chironomidae, Diptera) in the benthos of Lake Sniardwy. Ekologia Polska, 28, 155--86.[7][12]
Dusoge, K. and Wisniewski, R. J. (1976) Effect of heated waters on biocenosis of the moderately polluted Narew River. Macrobenthos. Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii, 23, 539--54.[15]
Edgar, W.D. and Meadows, P.S. (1969) Case construction, movement, spatial distribution and substrate selection in the larva of Chironomus riparius Meigen. Journal of Experimental Biology, 50, 247--53.[7]
Edington, J.M. and Hildrew, A.G. (1981) A key to the caseless caddis larvae of the British Isles with notes on their ecology. Scientific Publication of the Freshwater Biological Association, 43, 1--92.[17]
Edward, D.H.D. (1968) Chironomidae in temporary freshwaters. Newsletter of the Australian Society for Limnology, 6, 3--5.[6]
Edward, D.H.D. (1986) Chironomidae (Diptera) of Australia, in Limnology in Australia (eds P. De Deckker and W.D. Williams), CSIRO, Melbourne/Junk, Dordrecht, pp.159--73 [6][9][10]
Edward, D.H.D. (1989) Gondwanaland elements in the Chironomidae (Diptera) of South-Western Australia. Acta Biologica Debrecen, Oecologica Hungarica,2, 181--7.[4][18]
Edward, D.H.D. and Colless, D.H. (1968) Some Australian parthenogenetic Chironomidae. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society,7, 158--62.[9]
Edwards, F.W. (1926a) On the British biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London74, 389--426.[3]
Edwards, F.W. (1926b) The phylogeny of nematocerous Diptera: a critical review of some recent suggestions. Verhandlung der II Internationaler Entomologen-Kongress, Zurich,II, 111--30.[3]
Edwards, F.W. (1929) British non-biting midges (Diptera, Chironomidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London,77, 279--439.[3][9]
Edwards, F.W. (1931) Chironomidae. Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile2, 233--331.[3][4]
Edwards, J.S. and Baust, J. (1981) Sex ratio and adult behaviour of the Antarctic midge Belgica antarctica(Diptera, Chironomidae). Ecological Entomology,6, 239--43.[9]
Edwards, M. and Usher, M.B. (1985) The winged Antarctic midge Parochlus steinenii(Gerke) (Diptera: Chironomidae), in the South Shetland Islands. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,26, 83--93 [1]
Edwards, R.W. (1958) The effect of larvae of Chironomus ripariusMeigen on the redox potentials of settled activated sludge. Annals of Applied Biology,46, 457--64.[6]
Edwards, R.W., Egan, H., Learner, M.A. and Maris, P.J. (1964) The control of chironomid larvae in ponds, using TDE (DDD). Journal of Applied Ecology,1, 97--119.[13]
Eidt, D.C., Bacon, G.B., DeGraeve, G.M. and Mallet, V.N. (1988) Fate and short-term persistence of the insecticide aminocarb in a New Brunswick (Canada) headwater stream. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,17, 817--29.[15]
Einarsson, A., Haflidason, H. and Oskarsson, H. (1988) Myvatn saga lifrikis og gjoskutimatal i Sydrifloa. Natturuverndarrad,17, Reykjavik, Iceland. pp.96.[Icelandic with English summary][16]
Elgmork, K. and Saether, O.A. (1970) Distribution of invertebrates in a high mountain brook in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. University of Colorado Studies Series in Biology,31, 1--55.[6]
El Medzi, Z. and Guidicelli, J. (1986) Etude d'une ecosysteme limnique peu connu: les Khettaras de la region de Marrakech (Maroc), habitats et peuplements. Sciences de l'eau,6, 281--97.[4]
Elliott, J. M. (1973a) The diet activity pattern, drifting, and food of the leech (Erpobdella octoculata) in a Lake District stream. Journal of Animal Ecology,42, 449--59.[13]
Elliott, J.M. (1973b) The food of brown and rainbow trout (Salmo truttaand S. gairdneri) in relation to the abundance of drifting invertebrates in a mountain stream. Oecologia,12, 329--47.[17]
Elton, C.S. (1946) Competition and the structure of ecological communities. Journal of Animal Ecology,15, 54--68.[12]
Epler, J.H. (1986) A novel new neotropical Nanocladius(Diptera: Chironomidae), symphoretic on Traverella(Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae). Florida Entomologist,69, 319--27.[12]
Epler, J.H. (1992) Identification Manual for the Larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of Florida. State of Florida Department of Environmental Regulation.
Eriksson, N.E., Vedal, S. and Belin, L. (1984) Roda mygglarver utlost IgE-formedlad allergi hos akvarieagare. Lakartidningen,43, 3951--3.[14]
Eriksson, M.O.G. (1979) Competition between freshwater fish and goldeneye Bucephala clangulaL. for common prey. Oecologia,41, 99--107.[17]
Eriksson, N.E., Peterson, I., Vedal, S., Hogstedt, B., Belin, L. and Johannsen, S.G.O. (1985) Allergy among farmers. Abstract 137 of Annual Meeting of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Stockholm, 1985, 199.[14]
Eriksson, N.E., Ryden, B, and Jonsonn, P. (1989) Hypersensitivity to larvae of chironomids (non-biting midges): Cross sensitization with crustaceans. Allergy (Copenhagen),44, 305--13.[14]
Eriksson, F., Hornstrom, E., Mossberg, P. and Nyberg, P. (1983) Ecological effects of lime treatment of acidified lakes and rivers in Sweden. Hydrobiologia,101, 145--64.[15]
Faith, D.P. (1991) Cladistic permutation tests for monophyly and nonmonophyly Systematic Zoology,40, 366--75.[3]
Faith, D.P. and Cranston, P.S. (1991) Could a cladogram this short have arisen by chance alone?: on permutation tests for cladistic structure. Cladistics7, 1--28.[3]
Farris, J.S. (1981) Distance data in phylogenetic analysis, in Advances in Cladistics: Proceedings of the First Meeting of the Willi Hennig Society,(eds V.A. Funk and D.R. Brooks). New York Botanic Garden, New York, pp.3--23.[4]
Farris, J.S. (1985) On the boundaries of phylogenetic systematics. Cladistics1, 190--201. [18]
Federici, B.A., Hazard, E.I. and Anthony, D.W. (1973) A new cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus from Chironomidae collected in Florida. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,22, 136--8.[13]
Fellton, H.L. (1940) Control of aquatic midges with notes on the biology of certain species. Journal of Economic Entomology,33, 252--64.[13]
Fellton, H.L. (1941) The use of chlorinated benzenes for the control of aquatic midges. Journal of Economic Entomology,34, 192--4.[13]
Ferrarese, U. (1993) Chironomids of Italian Rice Fields. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 341--46.[7]
Ferrington, L.C. (1984) Evidence for the Hyporheic Zone as a Microhabitat of Krenosmittiaspp. Larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of Freshwater Ecology,2, 353--8.[6]
Ferrington, L.C., Jr. (1993) Habitat and sediment preferences of Axarus festivuslarvae. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 347--54.[7]
Ferrington, L.C. Jr. and Saether, O.A. (1987) Male, female, pupa and biology of Oliveridia hugginsin.sp. (Chironomidae: Diptera) from Kansas. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society,60, 451--61.[9]
Ferrington, Jr., L. C. and Crisp, N.H. (1989) Water chemistry characteristics of receiving streams and the occurrence of Chironomus riparius and other Chironomidae in Kansas. Acta Biologica Debrecina Supplementum Oecologica Hungarica,3, 115--26.[15]
Fillion, D.B. (1967) The abundance and distribution of benthic fauna of three mountain reservoirs on the Kananaskis River in Alberta. Journal of Applied Ecology,4, 1--11.[15]
Fischer, J. (1969) Zur Fortpflanzungsbiologie von Chironomus nuditarsisStr. Revue Suisse Zoologie,76, 23--55.[5]
Fischer, J. (1974) Experimentelle Beitrage zur Okologie von Chironomus(Diptera). I. Dormanz bei Chironomus nuditarsisund Ch. plumosus. Oecologia,16, 73--95.[9]
Fischer, J. and Rosin, S. (1968) Einfluss von Licht und Temperatur auf die Schlupf-Aktivitat von Chironomus nuditarsis. Revue Suisse de Zoologie,75, 538--49.[8][9]
Fischer, J. and Rosin, S. (1969) Das larvale Wachstum von Chironomus nuditarsisStr. Revue Suisse de Zoologie,76, 727--34.[9]
Fisher, S.G. and Gray, L.J. (1983) Secondary production and organic matter processing by collector macroinvertebrates in a desert stream. Ecology,64, 1217--24.[11]
Fisher, S.W. and Wadleigh R.W. (1986) Effects of pH on the acute toxicity and uptake of [14C]Pentachlorophenol in a midge, Chironomus riparius. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,11, 1--8.[15]
Fischer, Z. (1964) Kilka uwag o odzywianiu sie larw wazek gatunkow Erythromma najasHans. i Coenagrion hastulatumCharp.[Some observations concerning the food consumption of the dragonfly larvae of Erythromma najasHans. and Coenagrion hastulatumCharp.)] Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii, Warszawa,12, 253--64.[17]
Fittkau, E.J. (1955) Buchonomyia thienemannin. gen. n. sp. Chironomidenstudien IV (Diptera; Chironomidae). Beitrage zur Entomologie5, 403--14.[3]
Fittkau, E.J. (1962) Die Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). (Die tribus Anatopynyiini, Macropelopiini und Pentaneurini). Abhandlungen zur LarvenSystematik der Insekten,6, 1--453.[3]
Fittkau, E.J. (1964) Remarks on limnology of central-Amazon rain-forest streams. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur theoretische und angewandte Limnologie,15, 1092--6.[6]
Fittkau, E.J. (1971a) Distribution and ecology of Amazonian chironomids (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist,103, 407--13.[6]
Fittkau, E.J. (1971b) Der Torsionsmechanismus beim Chironomiden-Hypopygium. Limnologica8, 27--34.[2][9]
Fittkau, E.J. (1974) Ichthyocladiusn. gen., eine neotropische Gattung der Orthocladiinae (Chironomidae, Diptera) deren Larven epizoisch auf Welsen (Astroblepidae und Loricariidae) leben. Entomologisk Tidskrift (Supplement),95, 91--106.[12]
Fittkau, E. J. (1980) Ein zoogeographischer Vergleich der Chironomiden der Westpalaearktis und der Aethiopis, in Chironomidae. Ecology, Systematics, Cytology, and Physiology, (ed. D.A. Murray), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp.139--43.[4][18]
Fittkau, E.J., Reiss, F. and Hoffrichter, O. (1976) A bibliography of the Chironomidae. Gunneria,26, 1--177.[3][18]
Fittkau, E.J. and Reiss, F. (1978) Chironomidae, in Limnofauna Europaea(ed. J. Illies), 2nd edition, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp.404--40.[4]
Fittkau, E.J. and Reiss, F. (1979) Die Zoogeographische Sonderstellung der neotropischen Chironomiden. Spixiana,2, 273--80.[4]
Fjellberg, A. (1978) Fragments of a Middle Weichselian fauna on Ando/ya, north Norway. Boreas,7, 39.[16]
Flecker, A.S. (1984) The effects of predation and detritus on the structure of a stream insect community: a field test. Oecologia (Berlin),64, 300--5.[12]
Flentje, M.E. (1945a) Elimination of midge fly larvae with DDT. Journal of the American Water Works Association,37, 1053.[13]
Flentje, M.E. (1945b) Control and elimination of pest infestations in public water supplies. Journal of the American Water Works Association,37, 1194--203.[13]
Flossner, D. (1976) Biomasse und Produktion des Macrobentos der mittleren Saale. Limnologica,10, 123--53.[11]
Flynn, T. and Bolas, P. M. (1985) Simple method of chironomid control at water treatment works. Journal of Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists,39, 414--22.[13]
Folsom, T.C. and Collins, N.C. (1984) The diet and foraging behavior of the larval dragonfly Anax junius(Aeshnidae) with an assessment of the role of refuges and prey activity. Oikos,42(1), 105--13.[17]
Forbes, S.A. (1925) The lake as a microcosm. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey,15, 537--50.[18]
Ford, J.B. (1962) The vertical distribution of larval Chironomidae (Dipt.) in the mud of a stream. Hydrobiologia,19, 262--72.[6]
Forel, F.A. (1904) Le Leman. Lausanne3, pp.715.[18]
Forsyth, D.J. (1978) Benthic macroinvertebrates in seven New Zealand lakes. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,12, 41--9.[15]
Forsyth, D.J. (1986) Distribution and production of Chironomusin eutrophic Lake Ngapouri. New Zealand Marine and Freshwater Research,20, 327--35.[11]
Forsyth, D.J. and James, M.R. (1988) The Lake Okaro ecosystem 2. Production of the chironomid Polypedilum pavidusand its role as food for two fish species. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,22, 47--54.[11]
Forsyth, D.J. and McCallum, I.D. (1978) Xenochironomus canterburyensis(Diptera: Chironomidae) an insectan inquiline commensal of Hyridella menziesi(Mollusca: Lamellibranchia). Journal of Zoology,186, 331--4.[12]
Foster, W.A. and Treherne, J.E. (1986). The ecology and behaviour of a marine insect, Halobates fijiensis(Hemiptera: Gerridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society,86, 391-412.[17]
Franco, P.J., Daniels, K.L., Cushman, R.M. and Kazlow, G.A. (1984) Acute toxicity of a synthetic oil, aniline and phenol to laboratory and natural populations of chironomid (Diptera) larvae. Environmental Pollution (Series A),34, 321--31.[15]
Frank, C. (1982) Ecology, production and anaerobic metabolism of Chironomus plumosusL. larvae in a shallow lake. I. Ecology and production. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,94, 460--91.[10]
Frank, C.A.P. (1991) Effects of flow regulation in a pre-alpine river on the chironomid community. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,24, 1856--61.[15]
Frank, G.H. (1965) The hatching pattern of 5 species of chironomid from a small reservoir in the eastern Transvaal by a new type of trap. Hydrobiologia25, 52--68.[9]
Freeman, P. (1955) A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south of the Sahara, Part I. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology,4, 1--67.[3]
Freeman, P. (1956) A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south of the Sahara, Part II. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology4, 285--366.[3]
Freeman, P. (1957) A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south of the Sahara, Part III. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology5, 321--426.[3]
Freeman, P. (1958) A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south of the Sahara, Part IV. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology6, 261--363.[3]
Freeman, P. (1959) A study of the New Zealand Chironomidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology,7,393--437.[3]
Freeman, P. (1961) The Chironomidae (Diptera) of Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology,9, 611--737.[3]
Freeman, P. and Cranston, P.S. (1980) Family Chironomidae, in Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region',(ed. R.W. Crosskey), British Museum (Natural History), London, pp.175--202.[3][18]
Freihofer, W.C. and Neil, E.H. (1967) Commensalism between midge larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae) and catfishes of the families Astroblepidae and Loricariidae. Copeia,1, 39--45.[12]
Frenzel, P. (1990) The influence of chironomid larvae on sediment oxygen microprofiles. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,119, 427--37.[6]
Frey, D. G. (1964) Remains of animals in Quaternary lake and bog sediments and their interpretation. Ergebnisse der Limnologie,2, 1--114.[16]
Frommer, S.I. and Sublette, J.E. (1971) The Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Philip L. Boyd Deep Canyon Desert Center, Riverside Co., California. Canadian Entomologist,103, 414--23.[9]
Fryer, G. (1959) Lunar rhythm of emergence, differential behaviour of the sexes, and other phenomena in the African midge Chironomus brevibucca(Kieff.). Bulletin of Entomological Research,50, 1--8.[9]
Fuchs, T. and Kleinhaus, D. (1982) Fischfutter-Allergie: Sensibilisierung gegen Chironomiden-Larven (Zuckmuckenlarven). Kasuistik. Allergologie5, 81--2.[14]
Fukuhara, H. and Sakamoto, M. (1988) Ecological significance of bioturbation of zoobenthos community in nitrogen release from bottom sediments in a shallow eutrophic lake. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,113, 425--445.[11]
Fukuhara, H. and Yasuda, K. (1985) Phosphorus excretion by some zoobenthos in a eutrophic freshwater lake and its temperature dependency. Japanese Journal of Limnology,46, 287--96.[11]
Fukuhara, H. and Yasuda, K. (1989) Ammonium excretion by some freshwater zoobenthos from a eutrophic lake. Hydrobiologia,173, 1--8.[11]
Furnish, J.D., Belluck, D., Baker, D. and Pennington, B.A. (1981) Phoretic relationships between Corydalus cornutus(Megaloptera: Corydalidae) and Chironomidae in eastern Tennessee. Annales of the Entomological Society of America74, 29--30.[12]
Gad El Rab, M.O. and Kay, A.B. (1980) Widespread immunoglobulin E-mediated hypersensitivity in the Sudan to the "green nimitti' midge Cladotanytarsus lewisi(Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,66, 190--7.[14]
Gad El Rab, M.O., Thatcher, D.R. and Kay, A.B. (1980) Widespread IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in the Sudan to the "green nimitti' midge Cladotanytarsus lewisi(Diptera: Chironomidae). II. Identification of a major allergen. Clinical and Experimental Immunology,41, 389--96.[14]
Gallepp, G.W. (1979) Chironomid influence on phosphorus release in sediment-water microcosms. Ecology,60, 547--56.[6]
Gardarsson, A. (1979) Waterfowl populations of Lake Myvatn and recent changes in numbers and food habits. Oikos,32, 250--70.[17]
Gardarsson, A., Gislason, G.M. and Einarsson, A. (1988) Long term changes in the Lake Myvatn ecosystem. Aqua Fennica,18, 125--35. [16]
Gardner, W.S., Nalepa, T.F., Quigley, M.A. and Malczyk, J.M. (1981) Release of phosphorus by certain benthic invertebrates. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science,38, 978--81.[11]
Gardner, W.S., Nalepa, T.F., Slavens, D.R. and Laird G.A. (1983) Patterns and rates of nitrogen release by benthic Chironomidae and Oligochaeta. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science,40, 259--66.[11]
Gardner, W.S. and Scavia, D. (1981) Kinetic examination of nitrogen release by zooplankters. Limnology and Oceanography,26, 801--10.[11]
Gauss, J. D., Woods, P. E., Winner, R. W. and Skillings, J. H. (1985) Acute toxicity of copper to three life stages of Chironomus tentansas affected by water hardness-alkalinity. Environmental Pollution (Series A),37, 149--57.[15]
Gallepp, G.W. (1974) Behavioral ecology of Brachycentrus occidentalisBanks during the pupation period. Ecology,55, 1283--1294.[12]
Gendron, J.M. and Laville H. (1993) Diel emergence patterns of drifting chironomid (Diptera) pupal exuviae in the River Aude (Eastern Pyrenees, France). Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 273--9.[9]
Gentry, A.W. and Sutcliffe, A.J. (1981) Pleistocene geography and mammal faunas, in The Evolving Earth(ed. R.L.M. Cocks), British Museum (Natural History), London, pp.273--51.[4]
George, E.L. and Hadley, W.F. (1979) Food and habitat partitioning between rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) young of the year. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,108, 253--61.[17]
Gersich, F.M., Millazzo, D.P. and Landenberger, B.D. (1989) A comparison of seven diets used to culture Tanytarsus dissimilis,in Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: 12th volume,(eds U.M. Cowgill and L.R. Williams), ASTM Philadelphia, pp.392--401.[17]
Gerstmeier, F. (1989a) Lake typology and indicator organisms in application to the profundal chironomid fauna of Starnberger See (Diptera, Chironomidae). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,116, 227--34.[15]
Gerstmeier, R. (1989b) Phenology and bathymetric distribution of the profundal chironomid fauna in Starnberger See (F.R. Germany). Hydrobiologia,184, 29--42.[10]
Giacomin, C. and Tassi, G.C. (1988) Hypersensitivity to chironomid Chironomus salinarius (non-biting midge living in the Lagoon of Venice) in a child with serious skin and respiratory symptoms. Bolletino dell'Instituto Sieroterapico Milanese,67, 72--5.[14]
Gibson, N.H.E. (1945) On the mating of certain Chironomidae (Diptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society, London,95, 263--94.[9]
Glick, P.A. (1960) Collecting insects by airplane, with special reference to dispersal of the potato leafhopper. Technical Bulletin of the United States Department of Agriculture,1222, 16.[9]
Giesy, J.P. and Hoke, R.A. (1991) Bioassessment of the toxicity of freshwater sediment. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,24, 2313--21.[15]
Giesy, J.P., Graney, R.L., Newsted, J.L., Rosiu, C.J., Benda, A., Kreis, Jr., R.G. and Horvath, F.J. (1988) Comparison of three sediment bioassay methods using Detroit River sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,7, 483--98.[15]
Giles, N. (1990) Effects of increasing larval chironomid densities on the underwater feeding success of diving tufted ducklings Aythya fuligula. Wildfowl,41, 99--106.[17]
Giles, N., Street, M. and Wright, R.M. (1990) Diet composition and prey preference of tench, Tinca tinca(L.), common bream, Abramis brama(L.), perch, Perca fluviatilisL., and roach, Rutilus rutilus(L.), in two contrasting gravel pit lakes: potential trophic overlap with wildfowl. Journal of Fish Biology,37, 945--57.[17]
Giles, N., Street, M., Wright, R., Phillips, V. and Traill-Stevenson, A. (1991) A review of the fish and duck research at Great Linford 1986--1990. Game Conservancy Annual Review,22, 129--33.[17]
Gilinsky, E. (1984) The role of fish predation and spatial heterogeneity in determining benthic community structure. Ecology,65, 455--68.[12][17]
Gilliam, J.F., Fraser, D.F. and Sabat, A.M. (1989) Strong effects of foraging minnows on a stream benthic invertebrate community. Ecology,70, 445--52.[12][17]
Gleick, J. (1987) Chaos: Making a New Science,Penguin, New York, pp.354.[16]
Glick, P.A. (1960) Collecting insects by airplane, with special reference to the dispersal of the potato leafhopper. Technical Bulletin of the United Sates Department of Agriculture,1222, 16.[9]
Glova, G.J. (1984) Management implications of the distribution and diet of sympatric populations of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutchand coastal cutthroat trout Salmo clarki clarkiin small streams in British Columbia, Canada. Progressive Fish Culturist,46(4), 269--78.[17]
Glover, B. (1973) The Tanytarsini (Diptera: Chironomidae) of Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology Supplement,23, 403--78.[3]
Godbout, L. and Hynes, H.B.N. (1982) The three dimensional distribution of the fauna in a single riffle in a stream in Ontario. Hydrobiologia,97, 87--96.[6]
Goddeeris, B.R. (1987) The time factor in the niche space of Tanytarsus-species in two ponds in the Belgian Ardennes (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,29, 281--8.[9]
Goddeeris, B.R. (1990) Life cycle characteristics in Tanytarsus sylvaticus(van der Wulp, 1859) (Chironomidae, Diptera). Annales de Limnologie,26, 51--64.[10]
Goedkoop, W. and Johnson, R.K. (1993) Modelling the importance of sediment bacterial carbon for profundal macroinvertebrates along a lake nutrient gradient. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 477--83.[7]
Goetghebuer, M. (1932) Dipteres (Nematoceres). Chironomidae IV. Orthocladiinae, Corynoneurinae, Clunioninae, Diamesinae. Faune de France,23, 1--204.[9]
Goetz, G.P. (1980) Tracheal patterns in larval Chironomidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Entomologica Scandinavica,11, 291--6.[2]
Goff, A.M. (1972) Feeding of adult Chironomus ripariusMeigen. Mosquito News,32, 243--4.[9]
Golini, V.I. and Sherry, J.P. (1979) Chironomus plumosus(Diptera: Chironomidae) from Lake Ontario parasitized by a mermithid nematode with subsequent colonization by a saprolegniaceous fungus. Transctions of the American Microscopy Society,98, 572--6.[12]
Gordon, M.H., Swan, B.K. and Paterson, C.G. (1978) Baeoctenus bicolor(Diptera: Chironomidae) parasitic in unionid bivalve mollusks and notes on other chironomid--bivalve associations. Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada,35, 154--7.[12]
Gotceitas, V. and Mackay, R.J. (1980) The phoretic association of Nanocladius (Nanocladius) rectinervis(Kieffer) (Diptera: Chironomidae) on Nigronia serricornisSay (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology,58, 2260--3.[12]
Gouin, F.J. (1959) Morphology of the larval head of some Chironomidae (Diptera: Nematocera). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,137, 175--201.[2]
Goulden, C.E. (1971) Environmental control of the abundance and distribution of the chydorid Cladocera. Limnology and Oceanography,16, 320--31.[7]
Graham, A.A. and Burns, C.W. (1983) Production and ecology of benthic chironomid larvae (Diptera) in Lake Hayes, New Zealand, a warm-monomictic eutrophic lake. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie,68, 351--77.[10][11]
Grandjean, F. (1964) Oribates mexicains (1'e serie) DampfiellaSelln. et Beckiellan.g. Acarologia,6, 694--711.[3]
Grant, P.R. (1966) Ecological compatibility of bird species on islands. American Naturalist,100, 451--62.[12]
Gray, L.J. and Ward, J.V. (1982) Effects of sediment releases from a reservoir on stream macroinvertebrates. Hydrobiologia,96, 177--84.[15]
Green, D.W.J., Williams, K.A. and Pascoe, D. (1985) Studies on the acute toxicity of pollutants to freshwater macroinvertebrates. 2. Phenol. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,103, 75--82.[15]
Green, D.W.J., Williams, K.A. and Pascoe, D. (1986) Studies on the acute toxicity of pollutants to freshwater macroinvertebrates. 4. Lindane (- Hexachlorocyclohexane). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,106, 263--73.[15]
Gregory, S.V. (1983) Plant-herbivore interactions in stream systems, in Stream Ecology: Application and Testing of General Ecological Theory(eds J.R. Barnes and G.W. Minshall), Plenum Press, New York, pp.157--89.[7]
Griffith, L.A. and Gates, J.E. (1985) Food habits of cave-dwelling bats in the Central Appalachians. Journal of Mammology,66, 451--60.[17]
Griffiths, D. (1973) The food of animals in an acid moorland pond. Journal of Animal Ecology,42, 285--93.[17]
Grimas, U. (1961) The bottom fauna of natural and impounded lakes in northern Sweden (Ankarvattnet and Blasjon). Institute of Freshwater Research Drottningholm Report,42, 183--237.[15]
Grimas, U. and Wiederholm, T. (1979) Biometry and biology of Constempellina brevicosta(Chironomidae) in a subarctic lake. Holarctic Ecology,2, 119--24.[15]
Grimm, O. von (1870) Die ungeschlechtliche Fortpflanzung einer ChironomusArt und deren Entwicklung aus dem unbefruchteten Ei. Zapiski Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk,7, Serie l7, 1--20.[8]
Grisvold, C.E. (1991) Cladistic biogeography of Afromontane spiders, in Austral Biogeography(eds P.Y. Ladiges, C.J. Humphries and L.W. Martinelli), CSIRO, Melbourne, pp.73--89.[4]
Grodhaus, G. (1963) Chironomid midges as a nuisance. II. The nature of the nuisance and remarks on its control. California Vector Views,10, 27--37.[13]
Grodhaus, G. (1967) Identification of chironomid midges commonly associated with waste stabilizing lagoons in California. California Vector Views,14, 1--12.[13]
Grodhaus, G. (1971) Sporadic parthenogenesis in three species of Chironomus(Diptera). Canadian Entomologist,103, 338--40.[9]
Grodhaus, G. (1976) Two species of Phaenopsectrawith drought-resistant larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society,49, 405--18.[6]
Grodhaus, G. (1980) Aestivating chironomid larvae associated with vernal pools in Chironomidae. Ecology, Systematics, Cytology and Physiology,(ed. D.A. Murray), Pergamon Press, New York, pp.315--22.[10]
Grodhaus, G. and Rotramel, G.L. (1980) Immature stages of Polypedilum pedatum excelsius(Diptera, Chironomidae) from seasonally flooded tree-holes. Acta Universitatis Carolinae-Biologica,1978, 69--76.[6]
Groenewald, A.A. (1964) Observations of the food habits of Clarias gariepinusBurchell, the South African freshwater barbel (Pisces: Clariidae) in Transvaal. Hydrobiologia,23, 287--91.[17]
Gruhl, K. (1924) Paarungsgewohnheiten der Dipteren. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie,122, 205--80.[9]
Grzybkowska, M. (1988) Selective predation by Hydrasp. on the larvae of Chironomidae. Przeglad Zoologiczny Wroclaw,32(4), 605--10.[17]
Grzybkowska, M. (1989) Production estimates of the dominant taxa of Chironomidae (Diptera) in the modified River Widawka and the natural River Grabia, central Poland. Hydrobiologia,179, 245--59.[11]
Grzybkowska, M., Hejduk, J. and Zielinski, P. (1990) Seasonal dynamics and production of Chironomidae in a large lowland river upstream and downstream from a new reservoir in central Poland. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,119, 439--55.[11]
Gunther, J. (1983) Development of Grossensee (Holstein, Germany): variations in trophic status from the analysis of subfossil microfauna. Hydrobiologia,103, 231--4.[16]
Guibe, J. (1943) Chironomes parasites de mollusques gasteropodes; Chironomus varus limnaeiGuibe espece jointive de Chironomus varus varusGtgh. Bulletin Biologique de la France et la Belgique,76, 283--97.[12]
Hafiz, H. A. (1939) Observations on the bionomics of the midge Chironomus (Limnochironomus) tenuiforcepsK. occurring on the filter beds of the Calcutta Corporation water works at Pulta, near Calcutta (Chironomidae: Diptera). Records of Indian Museum,41, 225--31.[13]
Hagvar, S. and Ostbye, E. (1973) Notes on winter active chironomids. Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift,73 (20), 253--7.[9]
Halse, S.A. (1981) Faunal assemblages of some saline lakes near Marchagee, Western Australia. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,32, 133--42.[6]
Hall, D.J., Cooper, W.E. and Werner, E.E. (1970) An experimental approach to the production dynamics and community structure of freshwater animal communities. Limnology and Oceanography,15, 839--928.[12]
Hall, R.J. (1990) Relative importance of seasonal, short-term pH disturbances during discharge variation on a stream ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Fishery and Aquatic Sciences,47, 2261--74.[12]
Hambrook, J.A. and Sheath, R.G. (1987) Grazing of freshwater Rhodophyta. Journal of Phycology,23, 656--62.[7]
Hamburger, K. and Dall, P.C. (1990) The respiration of common benthic invertebrate species from the shallow littoral zone of Lake Esrom, Denmark. Hydrobiologia,199, 117--30.[11]
Hamilton, A.L. (1965) An Analysis of a Freshwater Benthic Community with Special Reference to the Chironomidae. Ph.D. Thesis, University of British Columbia.[5]
Hamilton, A.L. (1969) On estimating annual production. Limnology and Oceanography,14, 771--82.[11]
Hamilton, A.L. and Saether, O.A. (1971) The occurrence of characteristic deformities in the chironomid larvae of several Canadian lakes. The Canadian Entomologist,103, 363--8.[15]
Hanazato, T., Iwakuma, T. and Hayashi, H. (1990) Impact of white fish on an enclosure ecosystem in a shallow eutrophic lake: selective feeding of fish and predation effects on the zooplankton communities. Hydrobiologia,200/201, 129--40.[17]
Hann, B.J. (1991) Invertebrate grazer/periphyton interactions in a eutrophic marsh pond. Freshwater Biology,26, 87--96.[7]
Hann, B.J., Warner, B.G. and Warwick, W.F. (1992) Aquatic invertebrates and climate change: a comment on Walker et al. (1991). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,49, 1274--6.[16]
Hansen, S.R. and Garton, R.R. (1982) The effects of diflubenzuron on a complex laboratory stream community. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,11, 1--10.[15]
Hare, L. and Carter J.C.H. (1987) Chironomidae (Diptera, Insecta) from the environs of a natural West African lake. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,29, 65--74.[4]
Harkrider, J.R. and Hall, I.M. (1978) The dynamics of an entomopoxvirus in a field population of larval midges of the Chironomus decoruscomplex. Environmental Entomology,7, 858--62.[13]
Harkrider, J.R. and Hall, I.M. (1979) The effect of an entomopoxvirus on larval populations of an undescribed midge species in the Chironomus decoruscomplex under laboratory conditions. Environmental Entomology, 8, 631--5.[13]
Harnisch. O. (1954) Die physiologische Bedeutung der praanalen Tubuli der Larve von Chironomus thummi. Zoologische Anzeiger,153, 204--11.[2]
Harp, G.L. and Campbell, R.S. (1967) The distribution of Tendipes plumosus(Linne) in mineral acid water. Limnology and Oceanography,12, 260--3.[15]
Harper, P.P. and Cloutier, L. (1986) Spatial structure of the insect community of a small dimictic lake in the Laurentians (Quebec). Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie,71, 655--85.[6][15]
Harrison, A.D. (1965) Geographical distribution of riverine invertebrates in Southern Africa. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,61, 380--6.[6]
Harrison, A.D. (1966) Recolonisation of a Rhodesian stream after drought. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,62, 405--21.[6]
Harrison, A.D. (1987) Chironomidae of five central Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement29, 39--43.[4]
Harrison, A.D. (1991) Chironomidae from Ethiopia. Part 1. Tanypodinae (Insecta, Diptera). Spixiana,14, 45--69.[4]
Harrison, A.D. (1992) Chironomidae from Ethiopia. Part 2. Orthocladiinae with two new species and a key to ThienemanniellaKieffer. Spixiana,15, 149--95.[4]
Hasegawa, H. and Sasa, M. (1987) Taxonomical notes on the chironomid midges of the tribe Chironomini collected from the Ryuku Islands, Japan, with descriptions of their immature stages. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology,38, 275--95.[4]
Hashimoto, H. (1957) Peculiar mode of emergence in the marine chironomid Clunio(Diptera, Chironomidae). Scientific Report, Tokyo Kyoiku Daig, Sect. B,8, 217--26.[5]
Hashimoto, H. (1959) Notes on Pontomyia natansfrom Sado (Diptera, Chironomidae). Scientific Report, Tokyo Kyoiku Daig., Section B,9, 57--64.[6]
Hashimoto, H. (1976) Non-biting midges of marine habitats (Diptera: Chironomidae), in Marine Insects,(ed. L. Cheng), North Holland Publishers, Amsterdam, pp.377--414.[6]
Hashimoto, H. (1957) Peculiar mode of emergence in the marine chironomid Clunio(Diptera, Chironomidae). Scientific Reports of the Tokyo Kyoiku Daigaku, Section B,8, 217--26.[9]
Hashimoto, H. (1962) Ecological significance of the sexual dimorphism in marine chironomids. Scientific Reports of the Tokyo Kyoiku Daigaku, Section A,10, 221--52.[9]
Hashimoto, H. (1965) Discovery of Clunio takahashiiTokunaga from Japan. Japanese Journal of Zoology,14, 13--29.[9]
Hashimoto, H. (1976) Non-biting midges of marine habitats (Diptera: Chironomidae), in Marine Insects,(ed. L. Cheng), North Holland Publishers, Amsterdam, pp.377--414.[9]
Haskell, P.T. (1966) Flight behaviour. Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society, London,3, 29--45.[9]
Hatakeyama, S. (1988) Chronic effects of Cu on reproduction of Polypedilum nubifer(Chironomidae) through water and food. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,16, 1--10.[15]
Hatakeyama, S. and Yasuno, M. (1981) A method for assessing chronic effects of toxic substances on the midge, Paratanytarsus parthenogeneticus-- effects of copper. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,10, 705--13.[15]
Haufe, W.O. and Burgess, L. (1956) Development of Aedes(Diptera: Culicidae) at Fort Churchill, Manitoba, and prediction of dates of emergence. Ecology,37, 500--19.[9]
Hauer, F.R. and Benke, A.C. (1991) Rapid growth of snag-dwelling chironomids in a blackwater river: the influence of temperature and discharge. Journal of the North American Benthological Society,10, 154--64.[10]
Havas, M. and Hutchinson, T.C. (1982) Aquatic invertebrates from the Smoking Hills, N.W.T.: Effect of pH and metals on mortality. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,39, 890--903.[15]
Havas, M. and Hutchinson, T.C. (1983) Effect of low pH on the chemical composition of aquatic invertebrates from tundra ponds at the Smoking Hills, N. W. T., Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology,61, 241--9.[15]
Havas, M. and Likens, G.E. (1985) Toxicity of aluminium and hydrogen ions to Daphnia catawba, Holopedium gibberum, Chaoborus punctipennis,and Chironomus anthracinusfrom Mirror lake, New Hampshire. Canadian Journal of Zoology,63, 1114--9.[15]
Hayashi, F. (1988) Prey selection by the dobsonfly larva, Protohermes grandis(Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Freshwater Biology,20, 19--29.[12]
Hayes, B.P. and Murray, D.A. (1987) Species composition and emergence of Chironomidae (Diptera) from three high arctic streams on Bathurst Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,29, 355--60.[9]
Hayne, D. W. and Ball, R.C. (1956) Benthic productivity as influenced by fish predation. Limnology and Oceanography,1, 162--75.[13]
Healey, M. (1984) Fish predation on aquatic insects, in The Ecology of Aquatic Insects,(eds V.H. Resh and D.M. Rosenberg), Praeger, New York, pp.255--88.[17]
Heinis, F. and Crommentuijn, T. (1989) The natural habitat of the deposit feeding chironomid larvae Stictochironomus histrio(Fabricius) and Chironomus anthracinusZett. in relation to their responses to changing oxygen concentrations. Acta Biologica Debrecen, Oecologica Hungarica,3, 135--40.[6]
Heinis, F. and Crommentuijn, T. (1992) Behavioral responses to changing oxygen concentrations of deposit feeding chironomid larvae (Diptera) of littoral and profundal habitats. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,124, 173--85.[8]
Heinis, F. and Davids, C. (1993). Factors governing the spatial and temporal distribution of chironomid larvae in the Marsseveen lakes with special emphasis on the role of oxygen conditions. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,27, 21--34.[6]
Heinis, F., Timmermans, K. R. and Swain, W. R. (1990) Short-term sublethal effects of cadmium on the filter feeding chironomid larva Glyptotendipes pallens(Meigen) (Diptera). Aquatic Toxicology,16, 73--86.[15]
Heinis, F., Van de Bund, W.J. and Davids, C. (1989) Avoidance of low oxygen and food concentrations by the larvae of Tanytarsussp. Acta Biologica Debrecen, Oecologica Hungarica,3, 141--45.[6]
Hellawell, J. M. (1986) Biological Indicators of Freshwater Pollution and Environmental Management,Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London and New York.[15]
Hely, P.C. (1958) Insect pests of the rice crop. The Agricultural Gazette of N.S.W.,69, 29-32.[13]
Hendel, F. (1908) Nouvelle classification des mouches a deux ailes (Diptera L.). D'apres un plan tout nouveau par J.G. Meigen, Paris, an VIII (1800 v.s). Mit einem Kommentar herausgegeben von Friedrich Hendel (Wien). Verhandlungen der Zoologische-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien58, 43--69.[3][18]
Hennig, W. (1950) Grundzuge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik. Deutscher Zentralverlag, Berlin.[3]
Hennig, W. (1960) Die Dipteren-fauna von Neuseeland als systematisches und tiergeographisches problem. Beitr„ge zur Entomologie, 10, 221--329.[4]
Hennig, W. (1966) Phylogenetic Systematics. Translated by D.D. Davis and R. Zangerl, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.[3]
Hennig, W. (1973) Ordnung Diptera (zweiflugler). Handbuch der Zoologie,4(2)2/31, 1--337.[3]
Henrikson, L. and Oscarson, H.G. (1985) History of the acidified Lake Gardsjon: The development of chironomids. Ecological Bulletin,37, 58--63.[15]
Henrikson, L., Olofsson, J.B. and Oscarson, H.G. (1982) The impact of acidification on Chironomidae (Diptera) as indicated by subfossil stratification. Hydrobiologia,86, 223--9.[16]
Henson, E.B. (1966) Aquatic insects as inhalent allergens: A review of American literature. Ohio Journal of Science,66, 529--32.[14]
Herrmann, S.J., Sublette, J.E. and Sublette, M. (1987) Midwinter emergence of Diamesa leonaRoback in the Upper Arkansas River, Colorado, with notes on other diamesines (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,29, 309--22.[10]
Hershey, A.E. (1985a) Effects of predatory sculpin on the chironomid communities of an arctic lake. Ecology,66, 1131--8.[12]
Hershey, A.E. (1985b) Littoral chironomid communities in an arctic Alaskan lake. Holarctic Ecology,8, 39--48.[15]
Hershey, A.E. (1986) Selective predation by Procladius in an arctic Alaskan lake. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,43, 252--328.[7]
Hershey, A.E. (1987) Tubes and foraging behavior in larval Chironomidae: implications for predator avoidance. Oecologia(Berl.), 73, 236--41.[7][12]
Hershey, A.E. (1992) Effects of experimental fertilization on the benthic macroinvertebrate community of an arctic lake. Journal of the North American Benthological Society,11, 204--17.[17]
Hershey, A.E. and Dodson, S.I. (1985) Selective predation by a sculpin and a stonefly on two chironomids in laboratory feeding trials. Hydrobiologia,124, 269--73.[7][12]
Hershey, A.E. and McDonald, M.E. (1985) Diet and digestion rates of slimy sculpin, Cottus cognatus,in an Alaskan Arctic Lake. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,42, 483--7.[17]
Hildrew, A.G. and Townsend, C.R. (1976) The distribution of two predators and their prey in an iron rich stream. Journal of Animal Ecology,45, 41--57.[12]
Hildrew, A.G., Townsend, C.R. and Hasham, A. (1985) The predatory Chironomidae of an ironrich stream: feeding ecology and food web structure. Ecological Entomology,10, 403--13.[7][12]
Hill, C. (1988) Life cycle and spatial distribution of the amphipod Pallasea quadrispinosain a lake in Northern Sweden. Holarctic Ecology,11(4). 298--304.[17]
Hill, D.A., Wright, R. and Street, M. (1987) Survival of mallard ducklings Anas platyrhynchosand competition with fish for invertebrates in a flooded gravel quarry in England. Ibis,129, 159--67.[17]
Hilsenhoff, W.L. (1959) The evaluation of insecticides for the control of Tendipes plumosus(Linnaeus). Journal of Economic Entomology,52, 331--2.[13]
Hilsenhoff, W.L. (1962) Granulated malathion as a possible control for Tendipes plumosus(Diptera: Tendipedidae). Journal of Economic Entomology,55, 71--8.[13]
Hilsenhoff, W.L. (1965) The effect of toxaphene on the benthos in a thermally-stratified lake. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,94, 210--3.[15]
Hilsenhoff, W.L. (1966) The biology of Chironomus plumosus(Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin. Annals of the Entomological Society of America,59, 465--73.[5][7][9][10]
Hilsenhoff, W.L. (1967) Ecology and population dynamics of Chironomus plumosus(Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin. Annals of the Entomological Society of America,60, 1183--94.[10][12]
Hilsenhoff, W.L. (1968) Phoresy by Plecopteracoluthus downesion larvae of Nigronia serricornis. Annals of the Entomological Society of America,61, 1622--3.[12]
Hilsenhoff, W.L. (1982) Using a biotic index to evaluate water quality in streams. Department of Natural Resources, Wisconsin, Technical Bulletin,132, 1--22.[15]
Hilsenhoff, W.L. and Lovett, O.L. (1966) Infection of Chironomus plumosus(Dipt. : Chir.) by a microsporidian (Thelohaniasp.) in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,8, 512--9.[12][13]
Hinton, H.E. (1951) A new chironomid from Africa, the larva of which can be dehydrated without injury. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,121, 371--80.[6]
Hinton, H.E. (1960a) A fly larva that tolerates dehydration and temperatures from -270oC to +102oC. Nature,188, 336--7.[6]
Hinton, H.E. (1960b) Cryptobiosis in the larva of Polypedilum vanderplankiHint. (Chironomidae). Journal of Insect Physiology,5, 286--300.[6][10]
Hinton, H.E. (1968) Reversible suspension of metabolism and the origin of life. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B.,171, 43--57.[10]
Hinton, H.E. (1981) The Biology of Insect Eggs. Pergamon Press Ltd, England.[5]
Hiroaki, N. and Miyazaki, M. (1986) Injury to rice leaves by chironomid larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology,30, 66--8.[7]
Hirvenoja, M. (1973) Revision der Gattung Cricotopusvan der Wulp und ihrer Verwandten (Diptera: Chironomidae). Annales Zoologici Fennici,10, 1--363.[2]
Hitchcock, S.W. and Anderson, J.F. (1968) Field-plot tests with insecticides for control of Chironomus atrella. Journal of Economic Entomology,61, 16--9.[13]
Hoffrichter, O. (1973) On the role of traffic as possible means of dispersal in chironomids. Chironomus,1, 102--4.[9]
Hoffrichter, O. and Reiss, F. (1981) Supplement 1 to "A bibliography of the Chironomidae.' Gunneria,37, 1--68.[3][18]
Hofmann, W. (1971a) Die postglaziale Entwicklung der Chironomiden- und Chaoborus-Fauna (Dipt.) des Schohsees. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Supplement, 40, 1--74.[English translation: Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Translation Series No. 2177] [16]
Hofmann, W. (1971b) Zur Taxonomie und Palokologie subfossiler Chironomiden (Dipt.) in Seesedimenten. Ergebnisse der Limnologie,6, 1--50.[16]
Hofmann, W. (1978) Analysis of animal microfossils from the Grosser Segeberger See (F. R. G.). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,82, 316--46.[16]
Hofmann, W. (1983a) Stratigraphy of Cladocera and Chironomidae in a core from a shallow North German lake. Hydrobiologia,103, 235--9.[16]
Hofmann, W. (1983b) Stratigraphy of subfossil Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae (Insecta: Diptera) in late-glacial littoral sediments from Lobsigensee (Swiss Plateau). Studies in the Late Quaternary of Lobsigensee 4. Revue de Paleobiologie, 2, 205--9.[16]
Hofmann, W. (1984) Stratigraphie subfossiler Cladocera (Crustacea) und Chironomidae (Diptera) in zwei Sedimentprofilen des Meerfelder Maares. Courier Forschunginstitut Seckenberg,65, 67--80.[16]
Hofmann, W. (1985) Subfossile Cladocera (Crustacea) und Chironomidae (Diptera) aus Brackwassersedimenten des Silkteiches (Untere Trave). Faunistisch -Okologische Mitteilungen,5, 431--42.[16]
Hofmann, W. (1987) Stratigraphy of Cladocera (Crustacea) and Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) in three sediment cores from the central Baltic Sea as related to paleo-salinity. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie,72, 97--106.[16]
Hofmann, W. (1988) The significance of chironomid analysis (Insecta: Diptera) for paleolimnological research. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,62, 501--9.[16]
Hofmann, W. (1991) Weichselian chironomid and cladoceran assemblages from maar lakes. Hydrobiologia,214, 207--11.[16]
Holmes, R.T. (1966) Feeding ecology of the red-backed sandpiper (Calidris alpina) in Arctic Alaska. Ecology,47, 32--45.[17]
Holzapfel, E.P. and Perkins, B.D. (1969) Trapping of air-borne insects on ships in the Pacific, part 7. Pacific Insects,11, 455--76.[9]
Hooker, J.D. (1853) The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the years 1839-1843. II. Flora Novae-Zelandiae.[Introductory essay, pp.i-xxxxix.] Lovell Reeve, London, reprinted 1963, Weinheim: Cramer.[4]
Hopkins, C.L. (1976) Estimate of biological production in some stream invertebrates. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,10, 629--40.[11]
Howarth, M.K. (1981) Palaeogeography of the Mesozoic, in The Evolving Earth,(ed. L.R.M. Cocks), British Museum (Natural History), London, pp.197--220.[4]
Huckins, J.N., Petty, J.D. and England, D.C. (1986) Distribution and impact of trifluralin, atrazine, and fonofos residues in microcosms simulating a northern prairie wetland. Chemosphere,15, 563--88.[15]
Hudson, P.L. (1987) Unusual larval habitats and life history of Chironomid (Diptera) genera. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,29, 369--73.[6]
Hudson, P.L., Lenat, D.R., Caldwell, B.A. and Smith, D. (1990) Chironomidae of the Southeastern United States: A checklist of species and notes on biology, distribution, and habitat. Fish and Wildlife Research,7, 1--46.[4]
Huger, A. M., Kreig, A., Emschermann, P. and Gotz, P. (1970) Further studies on Polypoxvirus chironomi,an insect virus of the pox group isolated from the midge Chironomus luridus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,15, 253--61.[13]
Hughes, T.D. (1980) The imaginal ecdysis of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. 1. A description of the behaviour. Physiological Entomology,5, 47--54.[8]
Humphries, C.F. (1938) The chironomid fauna of the Grosser Ploner See, the relative density of its members and their emergence period. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,33, 535--84.[9]
Humphries, F.C. (1937) Neue Trichocladius-Arten. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung,98, 185--95.[8]
Humphreys, W.F. (1979) Production and respiration in animal populations. Journal of Animal Ecology,48, 427--53.[11]
Hunt, P.C. and Jones, J.W. (1972) The littoral fauna of Llyn Celyn, North Wales. Journal of Fish Biology,4, 321--31.[15]
Hunter, D.K. (1968) Response of populations of Chironomus californicusto a microspordian (Gurleyasp.). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,10, 387--9.[12][13]
Hunter, M.L., Witham, J.W. and Dow, H. (1984) Effects of a carbaryl induced depression in invertebrate abundance on the growth and behaviour of American Black Duck and Mallard ducklings. Canadian Journal of Zoology,62, 452--6.[17]
Hurlbert, S. H., Fedler, J. and Fairbanks, D. (1972) Ecosystem alteration by mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) predation. Science,175, 639.[12][13]
Huru, H. (1986) Diurnal variations in the diet of 0 to 3 years old Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar L. under semiarctic conditions in the Alta River, Northern Norway. Fauna Norvegica, Series A,7(5), 33--40.[17]
Huryn, A.D. (1990) Growth and voltinism of lotic midge larvae: patterns across an Appalachian mountain basin. Limnology and Oceanography,35, 339--51.[9][10]
Hutchinson, G.E. (1975) A Treatise on Limnology, Volume 3. Limnological Botany,Wiley-Interscience, New York. pp.660.
Hutchinson, G.E., Bonatti, E., Cowgill, U.M., Goulden, C.E., Levanthal, E.A., Mallett, M.E., Margaritora, F., Patrick, R., Racek, A., Roback, S.A., Stella, E., Ward-Perkins, J.B. and Wellman, T.R. (1970) Ianula: an account of the history and development of the Lago di Monterosi, Latium, Italy. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 60 (4), 1--178.[16]
Hynes, H.B.N. (1970) The Ecology of Running Waters. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool.[6]
Hynes, H.B.N. (1976) Symbiocladius aurifodinaesp. nov. (Diptera, Chironomidae), a parasite of nymphs of Australian Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera). Memoirs of the National Museum, Victoria,37, 47--52.[12]
Hynes, H.B.N. (1980) A name change in the secondary production business. Limnology and Oceanography,25, 778. [11]
Hynes, H.B.N. and Williams, T.R. (1962) The effect of DDT on the fauna of a central African stream. Annals of tropical Medicine and Parasitology56, 78--91.[6]
Hynes, H.B.N. and Coleman, M.J. (1968) A simple method of assessing the annual production of stream benthos. Limnology and Oceanography,13, 569--73.[11]
Hynes, J.D. (1975) Annual cycles of macroinvertebrates of a river in southern Ghana. Freshwater Biology,5, 71--83.[6]
Igarashi, T., Saeki, Y., Okada, T., Kumagai, A. and Sasa, M. (1985) [Two cases of bronchial asthma induced by chironomid midges] Chiryogaku,14, 122--126 [in Japanese][14]
Igarashi, T., Murakami, G., Adachi, Y., Matsuno, M., Saeki, Y., Okada, T., Kawai, K., Kumagai, A. and Sasa, M. (1987) Common occurrence in Toyama of bronchial asthma induced by Chironomid midges. Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine,57, 1--9.[14]
Ikeshoji, T. (1981) Acoustic attraction of male mosquitoes in a cage. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology,32, 7--15.[9]
Illies, J. (1961a) Phylogenie und Verbreitungsgeschichte der Ordnung Plecoptera. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologische Gesellschaft, Bonn/Rhein,1960, 384--94.[4]
Illies, J. (1961b) Versuch einer allgemeinen biozonotischen Gliederung der Fliessgewasser. Internationale Revue Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie, 46, 205--13.[6]
Illies, J (1965) Phylogeny and zoogeography of the Plecoptera. Annual reviews of Entomology,10, 117--40.[4]
Illies, J. (1971) Emergenz 1969 im Breitenbach. Schlitzer produktionsbiologische Studien. 1. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,69, 14--59.[9]
Illies, J. (1978) Limnofauna Europaea. A Checklist of the Animals Inhabiting European Inland Waters, with an Account of their Distribution and Ecology. 2nd Edition. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.[6]
Illies, J. and Botosaneanu, L. (1963) Problemes et methodes de la classification et de la zonation ecologique des eaux courantes, considerees surtout du point de vue faunistique. Mitteilungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische and Angewandte Limnologie,12, 1--57.[6][15]
Ineichen, H. Riesen-Willi, U. and Fischer, J. (1979) Experimental contributions to the ecology of Chironomus(Diptera). II. The influence of the photoperiod on the development of Chironomus plumosusin the 4th larval instar. Oecologia,39, 161--83.[9]
Inoue, Y. (1976) Changes of aquatic environments and chironomid midges. Iden,30, 25--31.[13]
Inoue, Y. and Mihara, M. (1973) On the unusual emergence of chironomid midges in the center of Tokyo city. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology,23, 315.[13]
Inoue, Y. and Mihara, M. (1975) Studies on the Japanese chironomid midges as a nuisance. I. Larvicidal effects of some organophosphorus insecticides against the last instar larvae of Chironomus yoshimatsuiMartin and Sublette. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology,26, 135--8.[13]
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. (1961) Opinion 616. Tanytarsusvan der Wulp, 1874 (Insecta, Diptera); designation of a type-species under the plenary powers. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature,18, 361--2.[18]
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. (1963) Opinion 678. The suppression under the plenary powers of the pamphlet published by Meigen, 1800. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature,20, 339--42.[18]
International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (1985) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.3rd Edition, International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, in association with British Museum (Natural History) and Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, pp.338.[3]
Iovino, A.J. and Miner, F.D. (1970) Seasonal abundance and emergence of Chironomidae of Beaver Reservoir, Arkansas (Insecta: Diptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society,43, 197--216.[10]
Ishii, A., Matsuoka, H., Uchida, J.Y., Edahiro, T., Ohta, N., Itano, K., Suguri, S. and Harada, M. (1988) Chironomid midge and allergy around Lake Kojima, Okayama, in International Symposium on Mite and Midge Allergy,(ed. T. Miyamoto), Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Tokyo, pp.284--317 [14]
Ito, K., Yamashita, N., Miyamoto, T., Shibuya, T. Kamei, K., Mano, K., Tanaia, T. and Sasa, M. (1985) [The role played by chironomid midge in bronchial asthma] Japanese Journal of Thoracic Disease,23, 176 [in Japanese][14]
Ito, K., Yamashita, N., Morita, Y., Dohi, M., Haida, M., Okudaira, H., Miyamoto, T., Sakamoto, Y., Nagakawa, T., Jiji, F., Kamei, K., Shibuya, Y., Mano, K., Sasa, M., Sumimoto, M. and Tanaia, T. (1988) Allergenicity and allergenic independency of chironomid midges, in International Symposium on Mite and Midge Allergy,(ed. T. Miyamoto), Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Tokyo, pp.318--37.[14]
Iversen, T.M. (1988) Secondary production and trophic relationships in the invertebrate community of a Danish spring. Limnology and Oceanography,33, 582--92.
Iwakuma, T. (1986a) Ecology and production of Tokunagayusurika akamushi(Tokunaga) and Chironomus plumosus(L.) (Diptera: Chironomidae) in a shallow eutrophic lake. Ph. D thesis, Kyushu University, Japan.[10][11][12]
Iwakuma, T. (1986b) Factors controlling the secondary productivity of benthic macroinvertebrates in freshwaters: a review. Japanese Journal of Ecology,36, 169--187. (In Japanese) [11]
Iwakuma, T. (1987) Density, biomass, and production of Chironomidae (Diptera) in Lake Kasumigaura during 1982--1986. Japanese Journal of Limnology,48, 559--75.[11]
Iwakuma, T. and Yasuno, M. (1981) Chironomid populations in highly eutrophic Lake Kasumigaura. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,21, 664--74.[11][15]
Iwakuma, T. and Yasuno, M. (1983) Fate of the univoltine chironomid Tokunagayusurika akamusi (Diptera: Chironomidae), at emergence in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,99, 37--59.[17]
Iwakuma, T., Sugaya, Y. and Yasuno, M. (1989) Dependence of the autumn emergence of Tokunagayusurika akamusi(Diptera: Chironomidae) on water temperature. The Japanese Journal of Limnology, 50, 281--8.[9]
Izvekova, E.I. (1971) On the feeding habits of chironomid larvae. Limnologica,8, 201--2.[7]
Izvekova, E.I. and Lvova-Katchanova, A.A. (1972) Sedimentation of suspended matter by Dreissena polymorphaPallas and its subsequent utilization by Chironomidae larvae. Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii,19, 203--10.[7]
Jackson, J.K. (1988) Diel emergence, swarming and longevity of selected adult aquatic insects from a Sonoran Desert stream. American Midland Naturalist,119, 344--52.[9]
Jackson, J.K. and Fisher, S.G. (1986) Secondary production, emergence, and export of aquatic insects of a Sonoran desert stream. Ecology,67, 629--38.[11]
Jacobsen, R.E. (1993) Description of the larvae of four nearctic species of Epoicocladius(Diptera: Chironomidae) with a redescription of Epoicocladius ephemerae(Kieffer). Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 145--55.[12]
Jamet, J.L., Gres, P., Lair, N. and Lasserre, G. (1990) Diel feeding cycle of roach (Rutilus rutilus,L.) in eutrophic Lake Aydat (Massif Central, France). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,118(3), 371--82.[17]
Jankovic, M. (1971) Anzahl der Generationen der Art Chironomus plumosus in den Karpfenteichen Serbiens. Limnologica (Berlin), 8, 203--20.[10]
Jankovic, M. (1974) Feeding and food assimilation in larvae of Prodiamesa olivacea. Entomologica Tidskrift Supplement,95, 116--9.[7]
Janssens de Bisthoven, L. and Ollevier, F. (1989) Some experimental aspects of sediment stress on Chironomusgr. thummilarvae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Acta Biologica Debrecina Supplementum Oecologica Hungarica,3, 147--55.[15]
Janssens de Bisthoven, L.G., Timmermans, K.R. and Ollevier, F. (1992) The concentration of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in Chironomusgr. thummilarvae (Diptera, Chironomidae) with deformed versusnormal menta. Hydrobiologia,239, 141--9.[15]
Jernelov, A., Nagell, B. and Svenson, A. (1981) Adaption to an acid environment in Chironomus riparius(Diptera, Chironomidae) from Smoking Hills, NWT, Canada. Holarctic Ecology,4, 116--9.[15]
Johannsson, O.E. (1980) Energy dynamics of the eutrophic chironomid Chironomus plumosusf. semireductusfrom the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,37, 1254--65.[7][10][11]
Johannsson, O.E. and Beaver, J.L. (1983) Role of algae in the diet of Chironomus plumosusf. semireductusfrom the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario. Hydrobiologia,107, 237--47.[7][11]
Johnsen, B.O. and Ugedal, O. (1989) Feeding by hatchery-reared brown trout Salmo truttaL. released in lakes. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management,20(1), 97--104.[17]
Johnson, A.A. (1955) Life history studies on Hydromermis contorta(Kohn), a nematode parasite of Chironomus plumosus(L.). Ph.D. thesis,University of Illinois, Urbana. USA.[13]
Johnson, G.D. and Mulla, M.S. (1980) Investigations on nuisance midges in water percolation basins, Montclair, California. Proceedings and Papers of the California Mosquito and Vector Control Association,48, 118--20.[13]
Johnson, G.D. and Mulla, M.S. (1981) Chemical control of aquatic nuisance midges in residential-recreational lakes. Mosquito News,41, 495--501.[13]
Johnson, G.D. and Mulla, M.S. (1982) Suppression of nuisance aquatic midges with a urea insect growth regulator. Journal of Economic Entomology,75, 297--300.[13]
Johnson, G.D. and Mulla, M.S. (1983) An aquatic macrophyte affecting nuisance chironomid midges in a warm-water lake. Environmental Entomology,12, 266--9.[13]
Johnson, J.H. (1983) Diel food habits of two species of setipalpian stone-flies (Plecoptera) in tributaries of the Clearwater River, Idaho. Freshwater Biology,13(2), 105--12.[17]
Johnson, J.H. (1985) Diel feeding ecology of the nymphs of Aeshna multicolorand Lestes unguiculatus(Odonata). Freshwater Biology,15(6), 749--56.[17]
Johnson, M.G. and Brinkhurst, R.O. (1971) Production of benthic macroinvertebrates of Bay of Quinte and Lake Ontario. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,28, 1699--714.[11]
Johnson, M.G. and McNeil, O.C. (1988) Fossil midge associations in relation to trophic and acidic state of the Turkey Lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,45 (Supplement 1), 136--44.[15][16]
Johnson, M.G., Kelso, J.R.M., McNeil, O.C. and Morton, W.B. (1990) Fossil midge associations and the historical status of fish in acidified lakes. Journal of Paleolimnology,3, 113--27.[16]
Johnson, R.K. (1985) Feeding efficiencies of Chironomus plumosus(L.) and C. anthracinusZett. (Diptera: Chironomidae) in mesotrophic Lake Erken. Freshwater Biology,15, 605--12.[7][11]
Johnson, R.K. (1987) Seasonal variation in diet of Chironomus plumosus(L.) and C. anthracinusZett. (Diptera: Chironomidae) in mesotrophic Lake Erken. Freshwater Biology,17, 525--32.[7]
Johnson, R.K. (1989) Classification of profundal chironomid communities in oligotrophic/humic lakes of Sweden using environmental data. Acta Biologica Debrecina Supplementum Oecologica Hungarica,3, 167--75.[15]
Johnson, R.K., Bostrom, B. and van de Bund, W. (1989) Interactions between Chironomus plumosus(L.) and the microbial community in surficial sediments of a shallow, eutrophic lake. Limnology and Oceanography,34, 992--1003.[7][12]
Johnson, R.K. and Goedkoop, W. (1993) Monoporeiainterference with larval Chironomidae: time-series and mesocosm studies. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 491--7.[9]
Johnson, R.K. and Pejler, B. (1987) Life histories and coexistence of the two profundal Chironomusspecies in Lake Erken, Sweden. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,29, 233--8.[7][9][10][11][12]
Johnson, R.K. and Wiederholm, T. (1989) Classification and ordination of profundal macroinvertebrate communities in nutrient poor, oligo- mesohumic lakes in relation to environmental data. Freshwater Biology,21, 375--86.[15]
Johnson, R.K., Wiederholm, T. and Eriksson, L. (1990) The influence of season on the classification and ordination of profundal communities of nutrient poor, oligo-mesohumic Swedish lakes using environmental data. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,24, 646--52.[15]
Johnston, N.T., Perrin, C.J., Slaney, P.A. and Ward, B.R. (1990) Increased juvenile salmonid growth by whole-river fertilization. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,47, 862--72.[17]
Jonasson, P.M. (1961) Population dynamics in Chironomus anthracinusZett. in the profundal zone of Lake Esrom. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,14, 196--203.[10]
Jonasson, P.M. (1965) Factors determining population size of Chironomus anthracinusin Lake Esrom. Mitteilungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische and Angewandte Limnologie,13, 139--62.[10]
Jonasson, P.M. (1972) Ecology and production of the profundal benthos in relation to phytoplankton in Lake Esrom. Oikos Supplement,14, 1--148.[7][10][11]
Jonasson, P.M. (1978) Zoobenthos of lakes. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur theoretische und angewandte Limnologie20, 13--37.[6]
Jonasson, P.M. and Kristiansen, J. (1967) Primary and secondary production in Lake Esrom. Growth of Chironomus anthracinusin relation to seasonal cycles of phytoplankton and dissolved oxygen. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie,52, 163--217.[6][7][10]
Jonasson, P.M. and Lindegaard, C. (1979) Zoobenthos and its contribution to the metabolism of shallow lakes. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie Beiheft Ergebnisse der Limnologie,13, 162--80.[15]
Jones, E.L. (1968) Bloodworms, pests of rice. The Agricultural Gazette of N.S.W.,79, 477--8.[13]
Jones, R.E. (1974) The effects of size--selective predation and environmental variation on the distribution and abundance of a chironomid, Paraborniella tonnoiri Freeman. Australian Journal of Zoology,22, 71--89.[6][12]
Jones, R.E. (1975) Dehydration in an Australian rockpool chironomid larva, Paraborniella tonnoiri. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, Series A General Entomology,49, 111--9.[10]
Jonsson, E. (1985) Population dynamics and production of Chironomidae (Diptera) at 2 m depth in Lake Esrom, Denmark. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie Supplement,70, 239--78.[10][11]
Jutting, T.v.B. (1938) A freshwater pulmonate (Physa fontinalis), inhabited by larva of a non-biting midge (Tendipes(Parachironomus) varusGtgh.). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,32, 693--96.[12]
Kaeding, L. and Zimmerman, M.A. (1983) Life history and ecology of the humpback chub Gila cyphain the Little Colorado and Colorado rivers of the Grand Canyon, USA. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,112(5), 577--94.[17]
Kagen, S.L. (1990) Inhalent Allergy to Arthropods, Insects, Arachnids, and Crustaceans. Clinical Reviews in Allergy,8, 99--125.[14]
Kagen, S.L., Yunginger, J.W. and Johnson, R. (1984) Lake fly allergy: incidence of chironomid sensitivity in an atopic population. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,73, 187 (abstract).[14]
Kajak, Z. (1963) The effect of experimentally induced variations in the abundance of Tendipes plumosusL. larvae on intraspecific and interspecific relations. Ekologia Polska (Series A),11, 355--67.[10]
Kajak, Z. (1977) Factors influencing benthos biomass in shallow lake environments. Ekologia Polska,25, 421--9.[7][15]
Kajak, Z. (1980) Role of invertebrate predators (mainly Procladiussp.) in benthos, in Chironomidae: Ecology, Systematics, Cytology and Physiology,(ed. D.A. Murray), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp.339--48.[7][12]
Kajak, Z. and Dusoge, K. (1976) Benthos of Lake Sniardwy as compared to benthos of Mikolajskie Lake and Lake Taltowisko. Ekologia Polska,24, 77--101.[11]
Kajak, Z. and Rybak, J.I. (1966) Production and some trophic dependences in benthos against primary production and zooplankton production of several Masurian lakes. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,16, 441--451.
Kajak, Z., Dusoge, K. and Stanczykowska, A. (1968) Influence of mutual relations of organisms, especially Chironomidae, in natural benthic communities, on their abundance. Annales Zoologici Fennici,5, 49--56.[7][12]
Kajak, Z. and Pieczynski, E. (1966) The influence of invertebrate predators on the abundance of benthic organisms (chiefly Chironomidae). Ekologia Polska,12, 175--9.[7]
Kajak, Z. and Warda, J. (1968) Feeding of benthic nonpredatory Chironomidae in lakes. Annales Zoologici Fennici,5, 57--64.[7]
Kalugina, N.S. (1959) Changes in morphology and biology of chironomid larvae in relation to growth (Diptera Chironomidae). Fisheries Research Board of Canada Translation SeriesNo. 1160 (1968), pp 48.[5]
Kalugina, N.S. (1976) Komary-zvontsy podsemeistva Diamesinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) iz verkhnego mela Taimyra. Palaeontologicheskii Zhurnal,1, 87--93.[4]
Kalugina, N.S. (1980) Cretaceous Aphroteniinae from North Siberia (Diptera: Chironomidae). Electrotenia brundinigen. nov., sp. nov. Acta Universitatis Carolinensis-Biologica1978, 89--93.[4]
Kamei, M., Shimada, H., Okubo, S. and Ishii, T. (1982) Effects of AltosidR 10F on the chironomid midge, Chironomus yoshimatsuiMartin et Sublette (Diptera: Chironomidae) of Tokushima City. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology,33, 355--61.[13]
Kangasniemi, B.J. and Oliver, D.R. (1983) Chironomidae (Diptera) associated with Myriophyllum spicatumin Okanagan Valley Lakes, British Columbia. Canadian Entomologist,115, 1545--46.[7]
Kansanen, P.H. (1985) Assessment of pollution history from recent sediments in Lake Vanajavesi, southern Finland. II. Changes in the Chironomidae, Chaoboridae and Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) fauna. Annales Zoologici Fennici,22, 57--90.[15]
Kansanen, P.H. and Aho, J. (1981) Changes in the macrozoobenthos associations of polluted Lake Vanajavesi, southern Finland, over a period of 50 years. Annales Zoologici Fennici,18, 73--101.[15]
Kansanen, P.H., Aho, J. and Paasivirta, L. (1984) Testing the benthic lake type concept based on chironomid associations in some Finnish lakes using multivariate statistical methods. Annales Zoologici Fennici,21, 55--76.[15]
Kansanen, P.H., Paasivirta, L. and Vayrynen, T. (1990) Ordination analysis and bioindices based on zoobenthos communities used to assess pollution of a lake in southern Finland. Hydrobiologia,202, 153--70.[15]
Kansanen, P.H. (1985) Assessment of pollution history from recent sediments in Lake Vanajavesi, southern Finland. II. Changes in the Chironomidae, Chaoboridae and Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) fauna. Annales Zoologici Fennici,22, 57--90.[16]
Kansanen, P.H. and Jaakkola, T. (1985) Assessment of pollution history from recent sediments in Lake Vanajavesi, southern Finland. I. Selection of representative profiles, their dating and chemostratigraphy. Annales Zoologici Fennici,22, 13--55.[16]
Kaster, J.L. and Jacobi, G.Z. (1978) Benthic macroinvertebrates of a fluctuating reservoir. Freshwater Biology,8, 283--90.[15]
Kaufman, M.G. and King, R.H. (1987) Colonization of wood substrates by the aquatic xylophage Xylotopus par(Diptera: Chironomidae) and a description of its life history. Canadian Journal of Zoology,65, 2280--86.[7]
Kaufman, M.G., Pankratz, H.S. and Klug, M.J. (1986) Bacteria associated with the ectoperitrophic space in the midgut of the larva of the midge Xylotopus par(Diptera: Chironomidae). Applied Environmental Microbiology,51, 657--60.[7]
Kawai, K. and Konishi K. (1986) Fundamental studies on chironomid allergy I. Culture methods of some Japanese chironomids (Chironomidae, Diptera). Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology,37, 47--57.[17]
Kawai, K. and Konishi, K. (1988) Fundamental studies on chironomid allergy. III. Allergen analyses of some adult Japanese chironomid midges (Chironomidae: Diptera). Japanese Journal of Allergology,37, 944--51.[13] [14]
Kawai, K. and Sakamoto, K. (1988) Cross-reactivities of murine IgE-inducing larval hemoglobins among various chironomid species. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology,43, 95--103.[14]
Kawecka, B. and Kownacki, A. (1974) Food conditions of Chironomidae in the River Raba. Entomologica Tidskrift Supplement,95 120--8.[7]
Kawecka, B., Kownacki, A. and Kownacka, M. (1978) Food relations between algae and bottom fauna communities in glacial streams. Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie Verhandlungen,20, 1527--30.[7]
Kay, A.B., Gad el Rab, M.O., Stewart, J. and Erwa, H.H. (1978) Widespread IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in Northern Sudan to the chironomid Cladotanytarsus lewisi("green nimitti'). Clinical and Experimental Immunology,34, 106--10.[14]
Kay, A.B., MacLean, U., Wilkinson, A.H. and Gad El Rab, M.O. (1982) The prevalence of asthma and rhinitis in a Sudanese community seasonally exposed to a potent airborne allergen (the "green nimitti' midge Cladotanytarsus lewisi). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,71, 345--52.[14]
Keene, J.A. (1989) Holocene environmental changes interpreted from arthropod remains in British lake sediments with especial reference to Malham Tarn, Yorkshire.Ph.D. thesis, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England.[16]
Keim, A. (1977) Electrophoretic analyses of the crop contents of Helobdella stagnalis(L.) (Hirudinea). Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung, Wiesbaden,32c, 739--42.[17]
Kelly-Quinn, M. and Bracken, J.J. (1990) A seasonal analysis of the diet and feeding dynamics of brown trout Salmo truttaL. in a small nursery stream. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management,21(1), 107--24.[17]
Kenmuir, D.H.S. (1975) The diet of fingerling tigerfish, Hydrocynus vittatusCast., in Lake Kariba, Rhodesia. Arnoldia (Rhodesia),7, 1--8.[17]
Kennedy, J.S. (1940) The visual responses of flying mosquitoes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Series A,109, 221--42.[9]
Kesler, D.H. (1981) Grazing rate determination of Corynoneura scutellataWinnertz (Chironomidae: Diptera). Hydrobiologia,80, 63--6.[7][11]
Khangarot, B.S. and Ray, P.K. (1989) Sensitivity of midge larvae of Chironomus tentansFabricius (Diptera, Chironomidae) to heavy metals. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,42, 325--30.[15]
Kieffer, J.J. (1923) Nouvelles contribution a l'etude des Chironomides de la Nouvelle-Zemble. Reports of the Scientific Results of the Norwegian Expedition to Nova Zemlya,9, 3--11.[3]
Kimball, J.H. (1968) Carp for chironomid midge control. Mosquito News28: 147--8.[13]
Kimerle, R.A. and Anderson, N.H. (1971) Production and bioenergetic role of the midge Glyptotendipes barbipes(Staeger) in a waste stabilization lagoon. Limnology and Oceanography,16, 646--59.[11]
King, R.P. (1989) Distribution abundance size and feeding habits of Brienomyrus brachyistiusGill 1862 (Teleostei: Mormyridae) in a Nigerian rainforest stream. Cybium,13(1), 25--36.[17]
Kino, T., Chihara, J., Fukuda, K., Sasaki, Y., Shogaki, Y. and Oshima, S. (1987) Allergy to insects in Japan. III. High frequency of IgE antibody responses to insects (moth, butterfly, caddis fly, and chironomid) in patients with bronchial asthma and immunochemical quantitation of the insect-related airborne particles smaller than 10 um in diame ter. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,79, 857--66.[14]
Kino, T. and Oshima, S. (1988) Determination of chironomid midge airborne allergen, in comparison with moth, butterfly and caddis fly allergens, in International Symposium on Mite and Midge Allergy,(ed. T. Miyamoto), Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Tokyo, pp.338--63.[14]
Kiskaroly, M. and Tafro, A. (1985) Artificial production of large forms of zooplankton as additional living food in the nutrition of some kinds of young fish and fish fry. Veterinarski Glasnik Beograd Zagreb,39, 515--22.[17]
Kitching, R.L. (1972) Population studies of the immature stages of the tree-hole midge Metriocnemus martiniiThienemann Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of Animal Ecology,41, 53--62.[6]
Klink, A. (1989) The Lower Rhine: Palaeoecological analysis, in Historical Change of Large Alluvial Rivers: Western Europe,(eds G. E. Petts with H. Moller and A. L. Roux), John Wiley & Sons, pp.183--201.[15][16]
Kluge, A. (1989) A concern for evidence and a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships amongst Epicrates(Boidae, Serpentes). Systematic Zoology,38, 7--25.[3]
Kohshima, S. (1984). A novel cold-tolerant insect found in a Himalayan glacier.Nature,310, 225--7.[1][6]
Kohshima, S. (1985) Migration of the Himalayan wingless glacier midge (Diamesasp.): slope direction assessment by sun-compassed straight walk. Journal of Ethology,3, 93--104.[9]
Kokes, J. (1979) Food eaten by the fry of chub, Leuciscus cephalusin the Rokytna River, Czechoslovakia. Folia Zoologica,28, 361--70.[17]
Kokkinn, M.J. (1986) Identification of two Australian salt-lake chironomid species from subfossil larval head capsules. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,54, 317--28.[16]
Kokkinn, M.J. (1990) Is the Rate of Embryonic Development a Predictor of Overall Development Rate in Tanytarsus barbitarsisFreeman (Diptera : Chironomidae). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,41, 575--9.[5]
Kokkinn, M.J. and Williams, W.D. (1988) Adaptations to life in a hypersaline water-body: Adaptations at the egg and early embryonic stage of Tanytarsus barbitarsisFreeman. Aquatic Insects,4, 205--14.[5]
Kokkinn, M.J. and Williams, W.D. (1989) An experimental study of phototactic responses of Tanytarsus barbitarsisFreeman (Diptera: Chironomidae). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,40 (6), 693--702.[9][13]
Kolkwitz, R. and Marsson, M. (1909) Okologie der tierischen Saprobien. Beitrage zur Lehre von der biologischen Gewasserbeurteilung. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie,2, 126--52.[15]
Kolton, R.J., MacMahon, P.D., Jeffrey, K.A. and Beamish, F.W.H. (1986) Effects of the lampricide, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) on the macroinvertebrates of a hardwater stream. Hydrobiologia,139, 251--67.[15]
Kon, M. (1984) Swarming and mating of Chironomus yoshimatsui(Diptera: Chironomidae): seasonal change in the timing of swarming and mating. Journal of Ethology,2, 37--45.[9]
Kon, M. (1985) Activity patterns of Chironomus yoshimatsui(Diptera: Chironomidae) 1. Effects of temperature conditions on the adult activity patterns. Journal of Ethology,3, 131--4.[9]
Kon, M. (1986) Swarming and insemination of Chironomus yoshimatsui(Diptera: Chironomidae). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University (Series of Biology),11, 43--6.[9]
Kon, M. (1987) The mating system of chironomid midges (Diptera: Chironomidae): a review. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University,12, 129--34.[9]
Kon, M. (1989) Swarming and mating behaviour of Chironomus flaviplumus(Diptera: Chironomidae), compared with a sympatric congeneric species C. yoshimatsui. Journal of Ethology,7, 125--31.[9]
Kon, M., Otsuka, K. and Hidaka, T. (1986) Mating system of Tokunagayusurika akamusi(Diptera: Chironomidae) I Copulation in the air by swarming and on the ground by searching. Journal of Ethology,4, 49--58.[9]
Konstantinov, A.S. (1951) Istoriya fauny khironomid nekotorykh ozer sapovednika "Borovoye' (Severniy Kazakhstan). Trudy Laboratorii Sapropelevykh Otlozheniy,5, 91--107.[16]
Konstantinov, A.S. (1952) Poluproizvodstvennoe razvedenie lichinok khironomid [Semicommercial propagation of Chironomid larvae] Rybnoje Choziajstvo,1, 31--33 [in Russian][17]
Konstantinov, A.S. (1954) Opyt poluproizvodostvennogo razvedeniya motylya [An experience in semicommercial midge propagation] Rybnoje Choziajstvo,11, 41--3 [in Russian][17]
Konstantinov, A.S. (1958a) Biologiya khironomid i ikh razvedenie [Biology of the Chironomidae and their Cultivation] (Vniorch), Saratov, U.S.S.R. pp.362.[in Russian][17]
Konstantinov, A.S. (1958b) Influence of temperature on the rate of development and growth of chironomids. Doklady Akadamii Nauk SSSR, 120, 1362--65. (In Russian).[10]
Konstantinov, A.S. (1961) O biologii komarov semeistva Chironomidae.[On the biology of the midge family Chironomidae] Nauchnye doklady vysshei shkoly Biologicheskie nauki,4, 20--3.[9]
Konstantinov, A.S. (1971a) Ecological factors affecting respiration in chironomid larvae. Limnologica (Berlin),8, 127--34.[6][11]
Konstantinov, A.S. (1971b) Feeding habits of the chironomid larvae and certain ways to increase the food content of the water basins. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Translation SeriesNo. 1853.[7]
Koreneva, T.A. (1959) Egg deposition by females of Pelopiinae in the Uchinsk Reservoir. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo gidrobiologicheskogo Obshchestva,9, 108--20. (In Russian).[5]
Kornijow, R. (1992) Seasonal migration by larvae of an epiphytic chironomid. Freshwater Biology,27, 85--9.[7][10]
Kosalwat, P. and Knight, A. W. (1987) Chronic toxicity of copper to a partial life cycle of the midge, Chironomus decorus. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,16, 283--90.[15]
Koskenniemi, E. and Paasivirta, L. (1987) The chironomid (Diptera) fauna in a Finnish reservoir during its first four years. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,29, 239--46.[9]
Koskinen, R. (1969) Observations on the swarming of Chironomus salinariusKieff. (Diptera: Chironomidae). Annales Zoologici Fennici.,6, 145--9.[9]
Kowalyk, H. E. (1985) The larval cephalic setae in the Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) and their importance in generic determinations. Canadian Entomologist117, 67--106.[2]
Kownacka, M. and Kownacki, A. (1972) Vertical distribution of zoocenoses in the streams of the Tatra, Caucasus and Balkans Mts. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,18, 742--50.[15]
Kownacka, M. and Kownacki, A. (1975) Gletscherbach-Zuckmucken der Otztaler Alpen in Tirol (Diptera: Chironomidae: Diamesinae). Entomologica Germanica,2, 35--43.[6]
Kownacki, A. (1989) Taxocenes of Chironomidae as an indicator for assessing the pollution of rivers and streams. Acta Biologica Debrecina Supplementum Oecologica Hungarica,3, 219--30.[15]
Kownacki, A. (1991) Zonal distribution and classification of the invertebrate communities in high mountain streams in South Tirol (Italy). Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,24, 2010--4.[15]
Kownacki, A. and Zosidze, R. S. (1980) Taxocens of Chironomidae (Diptera) in some rivers and streams of the Adzhar ASSR (Little Caucasus Mts). Acta Hydrobiologica,22, 67--87.[6][15]
Krantzberg, G. and Stokes, P. M. (1989) Metal regulation, tolerance, and body burdens in the larvae of the genus Chironomus. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,46, 389--98.[15]
Krantzberg, G. and Stokes, P. M. (1990) Metal concentrations and tissues distribution in larvae of Chironomuswith reference to X-ray microprobe analysis. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,19, 84--93.[15]
Krecker, F.H. (1939) A comparative study of the animal population of certain submerged aquatic plants. Ecology,20, 553--62.[6]
Krueger, C.C. and Waters, T.F. (1983) Annual production of macroinvertebrates in three streams of different water quality. Ecology,64, 840--50.[11]
Kugler, J. and Wool, D. (1968) Chironomidae (Diptera) from the Hula Nature Preserve, Israel. Annales Zoologici Fennici,5, 76--83.[9]
Kugler, J. and Chen, H. (1968) Distribution of chironomid larvae in Lake Tiberias and their occurrence in the food of fish in the lake. Israel Journal of Zoology,17, 95--115.[13]
Kukichi. M. and Sasa, M. (1990) Studies on the chironomid midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Lake Toba area, Sumatra, Indonesia. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology,41, 291--329.[4]
Kullberg, A. (1988) The case, mouthparts, silk and silk formation of Rheotanytarsus muscicolaKieffer (Chironomidae: Tanytarsini). Aquatic Insects,10, 249--55.[7]
Kureck, A. (1966) Schlupfrhythmus von Diamesa arctica(Diptera: Chironomidae) auf Spitzbergen. Oikos,17, 276--7.[9]
Kureck, A. (1979) Two circadian eclosion times in Chironomus thummi(Diptera), alternately selected with different temperatures. Oecologia (Berlin),40, 311--23.[9]
Kureck, A. (1980) Circadian eclosion rhythm in Chironomus thummi; ecological adjustment to different temperature levels and the role of temperature cycles, in Chironomidae, in Chironomidae, Ecology, Systematics, Cytology and Physiology(ed. D.A. Murray), Pergamon Press, New York, 73--80.[9]
Lack, D. and Owen, D.F. (1955) The food of the swift. Journal of Animal Ecology,24, 120--36.[17]
Ladle, M. (1982) Organic detritus and its role as a food-source in chalk streams. Freshwater Biological Association of the United Kingdom Fiftieth Annual Report: 30--7.[7][9]
Ladle, M. and Bass, J.A.B. (1981) The ecology of a small chalk stream and its responses to drying during drought conditions. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,90, 448--66.[6]
Ladle, M., Cooling, D.A., Welton, S. and Bass, J.A.B. (1985) Studies on Chironomidae in experimental recirculating stream systems. II. The growth, development and production of a spring generation of Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) calvusPinder. Freshwater Biology,15, 243--55.[10]
Ladle, M., Welton, J.S. and Bass, J.A.B. (1984) Larval growth and production of three species of Chironomidae from an experimental recirculating stream. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,102, 201--14.[10][11]
Laird, M. (1961) New American locality records for the species of Coelomomyces(Blastocladiales, Coelomomycetaceae). Journal of Insect Pathology,3, 249--53.[12]
Lake, P.S., Barmuta, L.A., Boulton, A.J., Campbell, I.C. and St Clair, R.M. (1986) Australian streams and Northern Hemisphere stream ecology: comparisons and problems. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia,14, 61--82.[6]
Lake, P.S., Doeg, T. and Morton, D.W. (1985) The macroinvertebrate community of stones in an Australian upland stream. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur theoretische und angewandte Limnologie,22, 2141--7.[6]
Lamberti, G.A. and Moore J.W. (1984) Aquatic insects as primary consumers, in The Ecology of Aquatic Insects,(eds V.H. Resh and D.M. Rosenberg), Praeger, New York, pp.164--95.[7]
Lamberti, G.A. and Resh, V.H. (1983) Geothermal effects on stream benthos: Separate influences of thermal and chemical components on periphyton and macroinvertebrates. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science,40, 1995--2009.[6]
Lammens, E.H.R.R. (1982) Growth, condition and gonad development of Bream Abramis bramaL. in relation to its feeding conditions in Tjeukemeer. Hydrobiologia,95, 311--20.[17]
Lammens, E.H.R.R. (1985) A test model for planktivorous filter feeding by bream Abramis bramaL. Environmental Biology of Fishes,13, 289--96.[17]
Lammens, E.H.R.R. (1989) Causes and consequences of the success of bream in Dutch eutrophic lakes. Hydrobiological Bulletin,23(1), 11--8.[17]
Lammens, E.H.R.R. and Visser, J.T. (1989) Variability of mouth width in European eel Anguilla anguillain relation to varying feeding conditions in three Dutch lakes. Environmental Biology of Fishes,26(1),63--76.[17]
Lancaster, J. (1990) Predation and drift of lotic macroinvertebrates during colonization. Oecologia (Berlin),85, 48--56.[12]
Langton, P.H. (1974) On the biology of the parthenogenetic Paratanytarsusbreeding ln the Essex Water Company distribution system. Water Treatment and Examination, 23, 230--2.[8]
Langton, P.H. (1980) Taxonomy and Biology of some British Chironomidae.Ph.D. thesis, C.N.A.A.[8]
Langton, P.H. (1984) A key to pupal exuviae of British Chironomidae.Privately published by P.H. Langton, 1 Brooks Road, March, Cambridgeshire.[3][8][10][12][18]
Langton, P.H. (1989) Functional and phylogenetic interpretation of chironomid pupal structure. Acta Biologica Debrecen, Oecologica Hungarica,2, 247--52.[8][18]
Langton, P.H. (1991) A key to pupal exuviae of West Palaearctic Chironomidae. Privately published by P.H. Langton, 3 St Felix Road, Ramsay Forty Foot, Cambridgeshire.[3]
Langton, P.H. (1994) Adhesion marks on the abdomen of pupal Chironomidae (Diptera). British Journal of Entomology and Natural History,(ln press).[8]
Langton, P.H., Cranston, P.S. and Armitage, P.D. (1988) The parthenogenetic midge of water supply systems Paratanytarsus grimmiiSchneider (Diptera: Chironomidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research,78(2), 317--28.[5][8][9][13][17]
Larsson, P. (1984) Transport of PCBs from aquatic to terrestrial environments by emerging chironomids. Environmental Pollution,Series A, 34, 283--9.[13] [15]
Lastochkin, D. A. (1949) Ocherki po paleolimnologii Urala. Trudy Laboratorii Sapropelevykh Otlozheniy,3, 101--35.[16]
Lavandier, P. (1984) Dynamique des populations larvaires et regime alimentaire de Rhyacophila tristisPictet (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) dans un ruisseau de haute montagne. Annales de Limnologie,20, 209--14.[17]
Laville, H. (1972) Recherches ecologiques sur les Chironomides (Diptera) des Lacs de Montagne. Doctoral thesis, L'Universite Paul Sabatier de Toulouse.[10][12]
Laville, H. (1975) Production d'un chironomide semivoltin (Chironomus commutatusStr.) dans le lac de Port--Bielh. (Pyren‚es centrales) Annales de Limnologie,11, 67--77.[11]
Laville, H. (1979) etude de la derive des exuvies nymphales de Chironomides au niveau du confluent Lot-Tryuere. Annales de Limnologie,15 (2), 155--80.[18]
Laville, H. (1981) Recoltes dexuvies nymphales de Chironomides (Diptera) dans le Haut-Lot, de la source (1 295 m) au confluent de la Truyere (223 m). Annales de Limnologie, 17 (3), 255--89.[18]
Laville, H. and Serra-Tosio, B. (1987) Chironomides (Diptera) du Massif Central et des basses regions avoisinantes. Annales de Limnologie,3, 185--204.[4]
Laville, H. and Tourenq, J.N. (1975) Contribution a la connaissance de trois chironomides de Camargue et des marismas du Guadalquivir. Annales de Limnologie,3, 185--204.[6]
Laville, H. and Vincon, G. (1986) Inventaire 1986 des Chironomides (Diptera) connus des Pyrenees. Annales de Limnologie,22, 239--51.[4]
Laville, H. and Vincon, G. (1991) A typological study of Pyrenean streams: Comparative analysis of the Chironomidae (Diptera) communities in the Ossau and Aure Valleys. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,24, 1775--84.[15]
Lawrenz, R. W. (1975) The developmental paleoecology of Green Lake, Antrim County, Michigan,M.S. thesis, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan. pp.78.[16]
Layton, R.J. and Voshell Jr. J.R. (1991) Colonization of new experimental ponds by benthic macroinvertebrates. Environmental Entomology,20 (1), 110--7.[9]
Learner, M.A. and Edwards, R.W. (1966) The distribution of the midge Chironomus ripariusin a polluted river system and its environs. Air and Water Pollution,10, 757--68.[9] [10]
Learner, M.A. and Potter, D.W.B. (1974) The seasonal periodicity of emergence of insects from two ponds in Hertfordshire, England, with special reference to the Chironomidae (Diptera: Nematocera). Hydrobiologia,44, 495--510.[10]
Learner, M., Wiles, R. and Pickering, J. (1990) Diel emergence patterns of chironomids. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie,75, 569--81.[9]
Leavitt, P.R., Carpenter, S.R. and Kitchell, J.F. (1989) Whole-lake experiments: the annual record of fossil pigments and zooplankton. Limnology and Oceanography,34, 700--17.[7]
Legner, E.F. and Medved, R.A. (1973) Predation of mosquitoes and chironomid midges in ponds by Tilapia zillii(Gervais) and T. mossambica(Peters) (Teleosteii: Cichlidae). Proceeding and Papers of the California Mosquito Control Association,41, 119--21.[13]
Legner, E.F., Medved, R.A. and Hauser, W.J. (1975) Predation of the desert pupfish, Cyprinodon macularius,on Culexmosquitoes and benthic chironomid midges. Entomophaga,20, 23--30.[13]
Legner, E.F., Yu, H.S., Medved, R.A. and Badgley, P.M.E. (1975) Mosquito and chironomid midge control by planaria. California Agriculture,29, 3--6.[17]
Lehmann, J. (1971) Die Chironomiden der Fulda (Systematische, okologische und faunistische Untersuchungen). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie Supplement,37, 466--555.[10][15]
Lehmann, J. (1979) Chironomidae (Diptera) aus Fliessgewassern Zentralafrikas. Teil I: Kivu-Gebiet, Ostzaire. Spixiana Supplement3, 1--144.[4]
Lehmann, J. (1981) Chironomidae (Diptera) aus Fliessgewassern Zentralafrikas. II. Die Region um Kisangami, Zentralzaire. Spixiana Supplement,5, 1--85.[4]
Lellak, J. (1968) Positive Phototaxis der Chironomiden-larvulae als regulierender Faktor ihrer Verteilung in stehenden Gewasser. Annales Zoologici Fennici,5, 84--7.[5]
Lenat, D.R. (1987) The macroinvertebrate fauna of the Little River, North Carolina: taxa list and seasonal trends. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,110, 19--43. [12]
Lenz, F. (1951) Neue Beobachtungen zur Biologie der Jugendstadien der Tendipedidengattung ParachironomusLenz. Zoologische Anzeiger,147, 95--111.[8]
Lenz, F. (1955) Der Wert der Exuviensammlung fur die Beurteilung der Tendipedidenbesiedlung eines Sees. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie Supplement,22, 415--21.[18]
Leonard, S.D. (1972) The natural history of Paraclunio alaskensisand Paraclunio trilobatus(Diptera: Chironomidae), two intertidal flies. M.S. thesis, Humbolt State College, Humbolt, USA.[8]
LeRoy Poff, N. and Matthews, R.A. (1986) Benthic macroinvertebrate community structural and functional group response to thermal enhancement in the Savannah River and a coastal plain tributary. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,106, 119--37.[15]
LeSage, L. and Harrison, A.D. (1980a) The biology of Cricotopus(Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) in an algal enriched stream: 1. Normal biology. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie Supplementband,57, 375--418.[9][10][12]
LeSage, L. and Harrison, A.D. (1980b) The biology of Cricotopus(Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) in an algal enriched stream: 2. Effects of parasitism. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Supplementband,58, 1--25.[9]
Leuchs, H. and Neumann, D. (1990) Tube texture, spinning and feeding behaviour of Chironomuslarvae. Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere,117, 31--40.[7]
Levesque, A.J., Mayle, F.E., Walker, I.R. and Cwynar, L.C. (1993) A previously unrecognized late-glacial cold event in eastern North America. Nature,361, 623--6.[16]
Lewis, D.J. (1954) Nimitti and some other small annoying flies in the Sudan. Sudan Notes and Records,35, 76--89.[14]
Lewis, D.J. (1956) Chironomidae as a pest in the Northern Sudan. Acta Tropica,13, 142--58.[14]
Lewis, D.J. (1957) Observations on Chironomidae at Khartoum. Bulletin of Entomological Research,48, 155--84.[13]
Lien, L. (1978) The energy budget of the brown trout (Salmo trutta) population of Ovre Heimdalsvatn, Norway. Holarctic Ecology,1, 279--300.[17]
Lindeberg, B. (1958) A parthenogenetic race of Monotanytarsus boreoalpinusTh. (Dipt., Chironomidae) from Finland. Suomen hyonteistietellinen Aikakauskirja,24, 35--8.[5][8][9]
Lindeberg, B. (1964) The swarm of males as a unit for taxonomic recognition in the chironomids (Diptera). Annales Zoologici Fennici,1, 72--6.[9]
Lindeberg, B. (1971) Parthenogenetic strains and unbalanced sex ratios in Tanytarsini (Diptera, Chironomidae). Annales Zoologici Fennici,8, 310--7.[8][9]
Lindeberg, B. (1974) Parthenogenetic and normal populations of Abiskomyia virgoEdw. (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologisk Tidskrift (Supplement), 95, 157--61.[9]
Lindegaard-Petersen, C. (1971) An ecological investigation of the Chironomidae (Diptera)) froma Danish lowland stream (Linding A). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, 69, 465--507.[6]
Lindegaard, C. (1989) A review of secondary production of zoobenthos in freshwater ecosystems with special reference to Chironomidae (Diptera). Acta Biologica Debrecen, Oecologica Hungarica,3 231--240.[11]
Lindegaard, C. (1992) Zoobenthos ecology of Thingvallavatn: vertical distribution, abundance, population dynamics and production. Oikos,64, 257--304.[6][10][11][15]
Lindegaard, C. and Jonasson, P.M. (1979) Abundance, population dynamics and production of zoobenthos in Lake Myvatn, Iceland. Oikos,32, 202--7.[6][9][10][11]
Lindegaard, C. and Jonsson, E. (1987) Abundance, population dynamics and high production of Chironomidae (Diptera) in Hjarbaek Fjord, Denmark, during a period of eutrophication. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,29, 293--302.[10][11][13]
Lindegaard, C. and Mortensen, E. (1988) Abundance, life history and production of Chironomidae (Diptera) in a Danish lowland stream. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie Supplement,81, 563--87.[10][11][15]
Lindegaard, C. and Maehl, P. (1993) Abundance, population dynamics and production of Chironomidae (Diptera) in an ultraoligotrophic lake in South Greenland. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 297--308.[10][11][15]
Lindeman, R. L. (1941) Seasonal food-cycle dynamics in a senescent lake. American Midland Naturalist,26, 636--73.[18]
Linevich, A.A. (1963) K biologii komarov semeistva Tendipedidae "Biologiya bespozvonochnykh Baikala". Trudy Limnologicheskogo Instituta,1, 3--48 [1]
Livingstone, D.A. (1957) On the sigmoid growth phase in the history of Linsley Pond. American Journal of Science,255, 364--75.[16]
Lloyd, D.G. and Wells M.S. (1992) Reproductive biology of a primitive angiosperm, Pseudowintera colorata (Winteraceae) and the evolution of pollination systems in the Anthophyta. Plant Systematics and Evolution,181, 77--95.[9]
Loden, M.S. (1974) Predation by chironomid (Diptera) larvae on oligochaetes. Limnology and Oceanography,19, 156--9.[7]
Lodge, D.M. (1991) Herbivory on freshwater macrophytes. Aquatic Botany,41, 195--224.[7]
Lohner, T.W. and Fisher, S.W. (1990) Effects of pH and temperature on the acute toxicity and uptake of carbaryl in the midge, Chironomus riparius. Aquatic Toxicology,16, 335--54.[15]
Luferov, V.P. (1958) Investigations on the biology of predatory larvae of Tendipedidae (Diptera) in the Rybinsk reservoir. Ph.D. Dissertation. Moscow.[In Russian] [7]
Luferov, J. (1971) The role of light in the populating of water bodies by epibiotic chironomid larvae. Limnologica,8, 139--40.[5]
Lugthart, G.J., Wallace, J.B. and Huryn, A.D. (1990) Secondary production of chironomid communities in insecticide-treated and untreated headwater streams. Freshwater Biology,24, 417--27.[15]
MacArthur, R.H. (1957) On the relative abundance of bird species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 43, 293--5.[12]
MacArthur, R.H. and Wilson, E.O. (1967) The Theory of Island Biogeography,Princeton University Press, Princeton.[4]
Macchiusi, F. and Baker, R.L. (1991) Prey behaviour and size selective predation by fish. Freshwater Biology,25, 533--8.[7][12]
MacDonald, W.W. (1956) Observations on the biology of chaoborids and chironomids in Lake Victoria and on the feeding habits of the "elephant-snout fish" (Mormyrus kannumeForsk.) Journal of Animal Ecology,25, 36--53.[5][9][17]
Mackey, A.P. (1976a) Quantitative studies on the Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Rivers Thames and Kennet. 1. The Acoruszone. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, 78, 240--76.[6]
Mackey, A.P. (1976b) Quantitative studies on the Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Rivers Thames and Kennet. II. The Thames flint zone. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, 78, 310--8.[6]
Mackey, A.P. (1977a) Growth and development of larval Chironomidae. Oikos,28, 270--75.[6][10][11][17]
Mackey, A.P. (1977b) Quantitative studies on the Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Rivers Thames and Kennet. III. The Nupharzone. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,79, 62--102.[7][10][11]
Macquart, J. (1838) Dipteres exotique nouveaux ou peu connus. Memoires du Societe (Royale) des Sciences, de l'Agriculture et des Artes a Lille,1838 (2), 9--225.[3]
Macrae, I.V., Winchester, N.N. and Ring, R.A. (1989) An evaluation of Cricotopus myriophyllias a potential biocontrol for Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum). Acta Biologica Debrecina Oecologica Hungarica3, 241--8.[7]
Macrae, I.V., Winchester, N.N. and Ring, R.A. (1990) Feeding activity and host preference of the milfoil midge, Cricotopus myriophylliOliver (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of Aquatic Plant Management,28, 89--92.[7]
Madder, M.C.A., Rosenberg, D.M. and Wiens, A.P. (1977) Larval cocoons in Eukiefferiella claripennis(Diptera; Chironomidae). Canadian Entomologist,109, 891--2.[6]
Magy, H.I. (1968) Vector and nuisance problem emanating from man-made recreational lakes. Proceedings and Papers of the California Mosquito Control Association,36, 36--7.[13]
Maier, K.J. and Knight, A.W. (1991) The toxicity of waterborne boron to Daphnia magnaand Chironomus decorusand the effects of water hardness and sulfate on boron toxicity. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,20, 282--7.[15]
Maitland, P.S. and Hudspith, P.M.G. (1974) The zoobenthos of Loch Leven, Kinross, and estimates of its production in the sandy littoral area during 1970 and 1971. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Series B,74, 219--39.[11]
Maitland, P.S., Charles, W.N., Morgan, N.C., East, K. and Gray, M.C. (1972) Preliminary research on the production of Chironomidae in Loch Leven, Scotland, in Productivity Problems of Freshwaters(eds J. Kajak and Hillbricht-Ilkowska, A.), PWN Polish Scientific Publishers, Warszawa-Krakow, Poland, pp.795--812.[10]
Majori, G., Ali, A., Donelli, G., Tangucci, F. and Harkrider, J. R. (1986) The occurrence of a virus of the pox group in a field population of Chironomus salinariusKieffer in Italy. Florida Entomologist,69, 418--21.[13]
Makarchenko, E.A. (1989) A review of the Diamesinae (Diptera, Chironomidae) from the USSR, with notes on systematics of PseudodiamesaG. and PagastiaOl. Acta Biologica Debrecen, Oecologica Hungarica,2, 265--74.[4]
Malloch, J.R. (1917) A preliminary classification of Diptera, exclusive of Pupipara, based upon larval and pupal characters, with keys to the imagines in certain families Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History (1918),12, 161--409.[3]
Mancini, E.R. (1979) A phoretic relationship between a chironomid larva and an operculate stream snail. Entomological News,90, 33--6.[12]
Mann, K.H. (1957) The breeding, growth, and age structure of a population of the leech, Helobdella stagnalis(L.). Journal of Animal Ecology,26, 171--7.[13]
Mann, R.H.K. and Blackburn, J.H. (1991) The biology of the eel Anguilla anguilla(L.) in an English chalk stream and interactions with juvenile trout Salmo truttaL. and salmon Salmo salarL. Hydrobiologia,218, 65--76.[17]
Marcer, G., Saia, B., Zanetti, C., Giacomin, C., Accietto, F., Della Sallla, F. and D'Andrea, F. (1990) Aspetti sanitari dell'infestazione da Chironomidi, in Chironomidi, Culicidi, Simulidi -- Aspetti Sanitari et Ecologici(eds F. D'Andrea and G. Marchese), Regione Veneto, ULSS 16, S.I.P., Venice. pp.89--99.[14]
Marchant, R. (1982) Seasonal variation in the macroinvertebrate fauna of billabongs along Magela Creek, Northern Territory. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,33, 329--42.[6]
Marchant, R., Metzeling, L., Graesser, A. and Suter, P. (1984) The organisation of macroinvertebrate communities in the major tributaries of the La Trobe River, Victoria, Australia.Freshwater Biology,15, 315--31.[6]
Margolina, G.L. (1971) Contribution to the problem on feeding Tendipes plumosusin the Rybinsk water reservoir. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Translation SeriesNo. 1798.[7]
Marker, A.F.H. (1976) The benthic algae of some streams in southern England. I. Biomass of the epilithon in some small streams. Journal of Ecology,64, 343--58.[7]
Marker, A.F.H., Clarke, R.T. and Rother, J.A. (1986) Changes in epilithic population of diatoms, grazed by chironomid larvae, in an artificial recirculating stream. Proceedings of the 9th Diatom Symposium, 1986,143--9.[7]
Martin, J. (1963) The cytology and larval morphology of the Victorian representatives of the subgenus Kiefferulusof the genus Chironomus. Australian Journal of Zoology,11, 301--22.[7]
Martin, J. (1979) Chromosomes as tools in taxonomy and phylogeny of Chironomidae (Diptera). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement,10, 67--74.[3]
Martin, J. and Lee, B.T.O. (1989) Indirect evidence for multiple insemination in Chironomus oppositusWalker (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society,28, 77--80.[9]
Martin, J. and Porter, D.L. (1977) Laboratory biology of the rice midge, Chironomus tepperiSkuse (Diptera: Nematocera): mating, behaviour, productivity and attempts at hydridization. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society,16, 411--6.[9]
Martin. J., Kuvangkadilok, C., Peart, D.H. and Lee, B.T.O. (1980). Multiple sex determining regions in a group of related Chironomusspecies (Diptera: Chironomidae). Heredity,44, 367-82.[17]
Mason, C.F. (1977) Populations and production of benthic animals in two contrasting shallow lakes in Norfolk. Journal of Animal Ecology,46, 147--72.[11]
Mason, C.F. and Bryant, R.J. (1975) Periphyton production and grazing by chironomids in Alderfen Broad, Norfolk. Freshwater Biology,5, 271--7.[7]
Martyniak, A. (1990) Feeding of carp Cyprinus carpioin the artificially aerated Lake Mutek, Czechoslovakia. Folia Zoologica,39, 279--84.[17]
Matena, J. (1982) Benthos development in planktonic and nursery ponds. Buletin Vyzkumny Ustav Rybarsky a Hydrobiologicky Vodnany,18, 10--5.[17]
Matevna, J. (1990) Succession of ChironomusMeigen species (Diptera, Chironomidae) in newly filled ponds. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie,75, 45--57.[9]
Matevna, J. and Soldan, T. (1982) Taxonomy and ecology of the subgenus Symbiocladiuss. str. (Diptera, Chironomidae). Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Purkynianae Brunensis,23, 83--6.[12]
Matevna, J. and Soldan, T. (1986) New findings of larvae of the genus Epoicocladius(Diptera, Chironomidae). Dipterologica Bohemoslovaca,4, 39--41.[12]
Mathews, K.P. (1989) Inhalant Insect-derived Allergens, in Airborne Allergens,Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 9. pp.321--38.[14]
Matsuoka, H., Ishii, A. and Noono, S. (1988) Detection of IgE antibodies to larvae and adults of chironomids by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Allergy,43, 425--9.[14]
Matsuoka, H., Ishii, A., Kimura, J.Y. and Noono, S. (1990) Developmental change of chironomid allergen during metamorphosis. Allergy,45, 115--20.[14]
Mattingly, R.L., Cummins, K.W. and King, R.H. (1981) The influence of substrate organic content on the growth of a stream chironomid. Hydrobiologia,77, 161--5.[7][10]
May, R.M. (1975) Patterns of species abundance and diversity, in: Ecology and Evolution of Communities(ed. M.L. Cody and J.M. Diamond), Belknap/Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp.81--120.[12]
Maynard-Smith, J. (1971) What use is sex. Journal of Theoretical Biology,30, 319--35.[9]
Mazur, G., Becker, W.-M. and Baur, X. (1987) Epitope mapping of major insect allergens (chironomid hemoglobins) with monoclonal antibodies. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,80, 876--83.[14]
Mazur, G., Baur, X., Modrow, S. and Becker, W.-M. (1988) A common epitope on major allergens from non-biting midges (Chironomidae). Molecular Immunology,25, 1005--10.[14]
McAlpine, J.F. (1981) Morphology and terminology -- adults, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera,(ed. J.F. McAlpine), Agriculture Canada Monograph 27, pp.9--63.[2]
McAuliffe, J.R. (1984) Competition for space, disturbance, and the structure of a benthic stream community. Ecology,65, 894--908.[12]
McGill, J.D., Wilson, R.S. and Brake, A.M. (1979) The use of chironomid pupal exuviae in the surveillance of sewage pollution within a drainage system. Water Research,13, 887--94.[15]
McGowan, L.M. (1975) The occurrence and behaviour of adult Chaoborusand Procladius(Diptera: Nematocera) from Lake George, Uganda. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society,57, 321--34.[9]
McHugh, S.M., Credland, P.F., Tee, R.D. and Cranston, P.S. (1988) Evidence of allergic hypersensitivity to chironomid midges in an English village community. Clinical Allergy,18, 275--85.[14]
McKnight, D. M. and Feder, G. L. (1984) The ecological effect of acid conditions and precipitation of hydrous metal oxides in a Rocky Mountain stream. Hydrobiologia,119, 129--38.[15]
McLachlan, A.P. (1969) Substrate preferences and invasion behaviour exhibited by larvae of Nilodorum brevibuccaFreeman (Chironomidae) under experimental conditions. Hydrobiologia,33: 237--49.[6]
McLachlan, A.J. (1970) Submerged trees as a substrate for benthic fauna in the recently created Lake Kariba (Central Africa). Journal of Applied Ecology,7, 253--66.[5]
McLachlan, A.J. (1976a) Variation of "gill' size in larvae of the African midge Chironomus transvaalensisKieffer. Journal of the Limnological Society of Southern Africa2, 55--6.[2]
McLachlan, A.J. (1976b) Factors restricting the range of Glyptotendipes paripesEdwards (Diptera: Chironomidae) in a bog lake. Journal of Animal Ecology,45, 105--13.[6]
McLachlan, A.J. (1977a) Density and distribution in laboratory populations of midge larvae (Chironomidae: Diptera). Hydrobiologia,55, 195--9.[7]
McLachlan, A.J. (1977b) Some effects of tube shape on the feeding of Chironomus plumosusL. (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of Animal Ecology,46, 139--46.[7][15]
McLachlan, A.J. (1981a) Food sources and foraging tactics in tropical rain pools. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society,71, 265--77.[7]
McLachlan, A.J. (1981b) Interaction between insect larvae and tadpoles in tropical rain pools. Ecological Entomology,6, 175--82.[6][7]
McLachlan, A.J. (1983a) Life-history strategies of rain-pool dwellers. Journal of Animal Ecology,52, 545--62.[9]
McLachlan, A.J. (1983b) Habitat distribution and body size in rain pool dwellers. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society,79(4), 399--408.[9][10]
McLachlan, A.J. (1985a) The relationship between habitat predictability and wing length in midges (Chironomidae). Oikos,44(3), 391--7.[9]
McLachlan, A.J. (1985b) What determines the species present in a rain-pool? Oikos,45, 1--7.[6]
McLachlan, A.J. (1986a) Sexual dimorphism in midges strategies for flight in the rain-pool dweller Chironomus imicola(Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of Animal Ecology,55, 261--8.[9]
McLachlan, A.J. (1988) Refugia and habitat partitioning among midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) in rain--pools.Ecological Entomology,13, 185--93.[12]
McLachlan, A.J. and Allen, D.F. (1987) Male mating success in Diptera: advantages of small size. Oikos,48, 11--14.[9]
McLachlan, A.J. and Cantrell, M.A. (1976) Sediment development and its influence on the distribution and tube structure of Chironomus plumosusL. (Chironomidae, Diptera) in a new impoundment. Freshwater Biology,6, 437--43.[6][7]
McLachlan, A.J. and Cantrell, M.A. (1980) Survival strategies in tropical rain pools. Oecologia (Berlin),47, 344--51.[10]
McLachlan, A.J., Brennan, A. and Wotton, R.S. (1978) Particle size and chironomid (Diptera) food in an upland river. Oikos,31, 247--52.[7]
McLachlan, A.J., Pearce, L.J. and Smith, J.A. (1979) Feeding interactions and cycling of peat in a bog lake. Journal of Animal Ecology,48, 851--61.[7]
McLachlan, A.J. and Neems, R. (in press) Swarm based mating systems, in Insect Reproduction(eds S.R. Leather and J. Hardy), CRC Press.
McLarney, W.O., Henderson, S. and Sherman, M.M. (1974) A new method for culturing Chironomus tentans Fabricius larvae using burlap substrate in fertilized pools. Aquaculture,4, 267--76.[17]
McLusky, D.S. and McFarlane, A. (1974) The energy requirements of certain larval chironomid populations in Loch Leven, Kinross. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Series B,74, 259--64.[11]
McNeill, S. and Lawton, J.H. (1970) Annual production and respiration in animal populations. Nature,225, 472--4.[11]
Mees, F., Verschuren, D., Nijs, R. and Dumont, H. (1991) Holocene evolution of the crater lake at Malha, Northwest Sudan. Journal of Paleolimnology,5, 227--53.[16]
Meier, M. (1987) Lebenszyklus und Parasit--Wirt--Beziehung von Parachironomus varus(Diptera: Chironomidae) und Radix ovata(Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae) in einem Weiher in Suddeutschland. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,109, 367--76.[12]
Meigen, J.W. (1800) Nouvelle classification des mouches a deux ailes (Diptera L.) d'apres un plan tout nouveau.Perronneau, Paris, pp.40.[3][18]
Meigen, J.W. (1803) Versuch einer neuen Gattungseinteilung der europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Magazin fur Inseketenkunde (Illiger)2, 259--81.[3][18]
Menzie, C.A. (1981) Production ecology of Cricotopus sylvestris(Fabricius) (Diptera: Chironomidae) in a shallow esturine cove. Limnology and Oceanography,26, 467--81.[10][11]
Merilainen, J.J. (1987) The profundal zoobenthos used as an indicator of the biological condition of Lake Paijanne. Biological Research Report University of Jyvaskyla,10, 87--94.[15]
Merritt, R.W. and Cummins, K.W. (eds) (1978) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America1st Edition. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa.[12]
Merritt, R.W. and Cummins, K.W. (eds) (1984) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America,2nd Edition. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa.[7]
Merritt, R.W., Dadd, R.H. and Walker, E.D. (1992) Feeding behavior, natural food, and nutritional relationships of larval mosquitoes. Annual Review of Entomology,37, 349--76.[7]
Merritt, R.W., Olds, E.J. and Walker, E.D. (1990) Natural food and feeding behavior of Coquillettidia perturbanslarvae. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association,6, 35--42.[7]
Metcalfe, J.L. (1989) Biological water quality assessment of running waters based on macroinvertebrate communities: history and present status in Europe. Environmental Pollution,60, 101--39.[15]
Metzeling, L., Graesser, A., Suter, P. and Marchant, R. (1984) The distribution of aquatic macroinvertebrates in the upper catchment of the La Trobe River, Victoria. Occasional Papers from the Museum of Victoria,1, 1-62.[6][15]
Mezger, E. G. (1967) Insecticidal and naturalistic control of chironomid larvae in Lake Dalwigk, Vallejo, California. Proceeding and Papers of the California Mosquito Control Association,35, 125--8.[13]
Miall, L.C. (1895) The Natural History of Aquatic Insects.MacMillan and Co., London. pp.395.[5]
Miall, L.C. and Hammond, A.R. (1900) The Structure and Life-history of the Harlequin Fly (Chironomus). Clarendon Press, Oxford.[2][5][8][9]
Michaelova, P.V. (1989) The polytene chromosomes and their significance to the systematics of the family Chironomidae. Acta Zoologica Fennica,186, 1--107.[3]
Miehlbradt, J. and Neumann, D. (1976) Reproduktive Isolation durch optische Schwarmmarken bei den sympatrischen Chironomus thummiund Ch. piger. Behaviour,58, 272--97.[9]
Millemann, R.E., Birge, W.J., Black, J.A., Cushman, R.M., Daniels, K.L., Franco, P.J., Giddings, J.M., McCarthy, J.F. and Stewart, A.J. (1984) Comparative acute toxicity to aquatic organisms of components of coal-derived synthetic fuels. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,113, 74--85.[15]
Miller, R.B. (1941) A contribution to the ecology of the Chironomidae of Costello Lake, Algonquin Park, Ontario. University of Toronto Studies,49, 1--63.[9]
Miller, M. C. and Stout, J. R. (1986) Effects of a controlled under-ice oil spill on invertebrates of an arctic and a subarctic stream. Environmental Pollution (Series A),42, 99--132.[15]
Minshall, G.W. (1968) Community dynamics of the benthic fauna in a woodland springbrook. Hydrobiologia,32, 305--39.[6]
Minshall, G. W. and Petersen, R. C. (1985) Towards a theory of macroinvertebrate community structure in stream ecosystems. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,104, 49--76.[15]
Mizukami, Y., Watanabe, H., Igarashi, T., Murakami, G., Kawai, K. and Sasa, M. (1986) [A case of bronchial asthma induced by direct inhalation of a chironomid midge, Tanytarsus oyamaiSasa, 1979] Japanese Journal of Thoracic Disease,24, 287--91.[14]
Moksnes, A. (1987) Food biology of ringed plover Charadrius hiaticulaand Temminck's stint Calidris temminckiiin the regulation zone of a hydroelectric power reservoir. Fauna Norvegica Series C,10, 103--13.[17]
Moore, J.W. (1980) Factors influencing the composition, structure and density of a population of benthic invertebrates. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,88, 202--18.[6]
Morduchai-Boltovskoy, F.D. and Shilova, A.I. (1955) On the planktonic life of Glyptotendipeslarvae (Diptera, Tendipedidae) Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR,105, 163--5 (in Russian).[5]
Monakov, A.V. (1972) Review of studies on feeding of aquatic invertebrates conducted at the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters, Academy of Science, USSR. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,29, 363--83.[7]
Moore, J.W. (1978) Some factors influencing the diversity and species composition of benthic invertebrate communities in twenty arctic and subarctic lakes. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie,63, 757--71.[15]
Moore, J.W. (1979a) Factors influencing algal consumption and feeding rate in Heterotrissocladius changiSaether and Polypedilum nebeculosum(Meigen)(Chironomidae: Diptera). Oecologia(Berlin), 40, 219--27.[7]
Moore, J.W. (1979b) Some factors influencing the distribution, seasonal abundance and feeding of subarctic Chironomidae (Diptera). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,85, 302--25.[7][10]
Moore, J.W. (1980) Factors influencing the composition, structure and density of a population of benthic invertebrates. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,88, 202--18.[7]
Morgan, N.C. and Waddell, A.B. (1961) Diurnal variation in the emergence of some aquatic insects. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society, London,113, 123--37.[9]
Morley, R.L. and Ring, R.A. (1972) The inter-tidal Chironomidae (Diptera) of British Columbia. II. Life history and population dynamics. Canadian Entomologist,104, 1099--121.[9]
Morrill, P.K. and Neal, B.R. (1990) Impact of deltamethrin insecticide on Chironomidae (Diptera) of prairie ponds. Canadian Journal of Zoology,68, 289--96.[15]
Morrison, A. (1987) Chironomid larvae trails in proglacial lake sediments. Boreas,16, 318--21.[16]
Mortensen, E. and Simonsen, J.L. (1983) Production estimates of the benthic invertebrate community in a small Danish stream. Hydrobiologia,102, 155--62.[11]
Moss, D., Furse, M. T., Wright, J. F. and Armitage, P. D. (1987) The prediction of the macro-invertebrate fauna of unpolluted running-water sites in Great Britain using environmental data. Freshwater Biology,17, 41--52.[15]
Motomura, I. (1932) On the statistical treatment of communities. Zoological Magazine, Tokyo44, 379--83 (In Japanese).
Moubayed, Z. (1987) Complement … l'inventaire des Chironomides (Diptera) du Liban. Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse,123, 51--2.[4]
Moubayed, Z. (1987) Chironomidae (Diptera) de Thailande recoltes par l'expedition Thai 87. Expeditions de l'APS en Asie du Sud-Est, travaux scientifique,1, (1988), 41--2.[4]
Moubayed, Z. and Laville, H. (1983) Les Chironomides (Diptera) du Liban I. Premier inventaire faunistique. Annales de Limnologie, 19, 219--28.[4]
Moyle, J.B. (1961) Aquatic invertebrates as related to larger plants and waterfowl. Minnesota Department of Conservation Investigative Report,233, 1--24.[17]
Mozley, S.C. (1970) Morphology and ecology of the larva of Trissocladius grandis(Kieffer) (Diptera, Chironomidae), a common species in lakes and rivers of northern Europe. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,67, 433--51.[10]
Mozley, S.C. (1971) Maxillary and premental patterns in Chironominae and Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Canadian Entomologist,103, 298--305.[2]
Mozley, S.C. (1979) Neglected characters in larval morphology as tools in taxonomy and phylogeny of Chironomidae (Diptera). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,10, 27--36.[2][3][5]
Muh, C. (1985) Kopfmorphologie der Larven der Tanypodinae (Chironomidae: Diptera) am Beispiel von Macropelopia nebulosa(Meigen). Zoologische Jahrbucher, Anatomie, 113, 331--62.[2]
Muir, W.D. and Emmett, L.R. (1988) Food habits of migrating salmonid smolts passing Bonneville dam in the Columbia River, Washington, 1984. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management,2(1), 1--10.[17]
Mulla, M.S. (1974) Chironomids in the residential-recreational lakes. An emerging nuisance problems -- measures for control. Entomologisk Tidskrift (Supplement),95, 172--6.[9]
Mulla, M. S. and Darwazeh, H. A. (1975) Evaluation of insect growth regulators against chironomids in experimental ponds. Proceedings and Papers of the California Mosquito Control Association,43, 164--8.[13]
Mulla, M.S. and Khasawinah, A.M. (1969) Laboratory and field evaluations of larvicides against chironomid midges. Journal of Economic Entomology,62, 37--41.[13]
Mulla, M.S., Kramer, W.L. and Barnard, D.R. (1976) Insect growth regulators for the control of chironomid midges in residential-recreational lakes. Journal of Economic Entomology,69, 285--91.[13]
Mulla, M.S., Navvab-Gojrati, H.A. and Darwazeh, H.A. (1978a) Biological activity and longevity of synthetic pyrethroids against mosquitoes and some nontarget insects. Mosquito News,38, 90--6.[13]
Mulla, M.S., Navvab-Gojrati, H.A. and Darwazeh, H.A. (1978b) Toxicity of mosquito larvicidal pyrethroids to four species of freshwater fishes. Environmental Entomology,7, 428--30.[13]
Mulla, M.S., Norland, R.L., Ikeshoji, T. and Kramer, W.L. (1974) Insect growth regulators for the control of aquatic midges. Journal of Economic Entomology,67, 165--70.[13]
Mulla, M.S., Norland, R.L., Fanara, D.M., Darwazeh, H.A. and McKean, D.W. (1971) Control of chironomid midges in recreational lakes. Journal of Economic Entomology,64, 300--7.[13]
Mulla, M.S., Norland, R.L., Westlake, W.E., Dell, B. and St. Amant, J. (1973) Aquatic midge larvicides, their efficacy and residues in water, soil and fish in a warm water lake. Environmental Entomology,2, 58--65.[13]
Mundie, J.H. (1957) The ecology of Chironomidae in storage reservoirs. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London,109, 149--232.[9]
Mundie, J.H. (1959) The diurnal activity of the larger invertebrates at the surface of Lac la Ronge, Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Zoology,37, 945--56.[9]
Mundie, J.H. and Mounce, D.E. (1978) Application of stream ecology to raising salmon smolts in high density. Verhandlung der Internationale Vereiningung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,20, 2013--8.[17]
Mundie, J.H., McKinnell, S.M. and Traber, R.E. (1983) Responses of stream zoobenthos to enrichment of gravel substrates with cereal grain and soy bean. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,40, 1702--12.[17]
Mundie, J.H., Mounce, D.E. and Simpson, K.S. (1990) Semi-natural rearing of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), smolts, with an assessment of survival to the catch and escapement. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management,21, 327--45.[17]
Mundie, J.H., Simpson, K.S. and Perrin, C.J. (1991) Responses of stream periphyton and benthic insects to increases in dissolved organic phosphorus in a mesocosm. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,48, 2061--72.[17]
Munsterhjelm, G. (1920) Om Chironomidernas Agglagging och Aggrupper. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica,47, 1--174.[5]
Murakami, G., Igarashi, T., Adachi, Y.S., Matsuno, M., Adachi, Y., Sawai, M., Okada, T., Kawai, K., Kumagai, A. and Sasa, M. (1988) Common occurrence in Toyama of bronchial asthma induced by chironomid midges, in International Symposium on Mite and Midge Allergy,(ed. T. Miyamoto), Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Tokyo, pp.261--83.[14]
Murphy, P.M. and Edwards, R.W. (1982) The spatial distribution of the freshwater macroinvertebrate fauna of the River Ely, South Wales, in relation to pollutional discharges. Environmental Pollution (Series A),29, 111--24.[15]
Murray, D.A. and Ashe, P. (1981) A description of the adult female of Buchonomyia thienemanniFITTKAU, with notes on its ecology and on the phylogenetic position of the subfamily Buchonomyiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Spixiana,4, 55--68.[3][6]
Murray, D.A. and Ashe, P. (1985) A description of the adult female of Buchonomyia thienemanniFittkau and a reassessment of the phylogenetic position of the subfamily Buchonomyiinae. Spixiana Supplement11, 149--60.[3]
Murray, D.W. (1976) Tilapiafish for midge control in a sewage treatment pond. Proceedings and Papers of the California Mosquito Control Association,44, 122.[13]
Muthukrishnan, J. and Palavesam, A. (1992) Secondary production and energy flow through Kiefferulus barbitarsis(Diptera: Chironomidae) in tropical ponds. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,125, 207--26.[7]
Myers, A.A. and Giller, P.S. (eds) (1988) Analytical Biogeography. An integrated approach to the study of animal and plant distributions,Chapman Hall, London, New York.[4]
Myllyla, M., Torssonen, M., Pulliainen, E. and Kuusela, K. (1983) Biological studies on the minnow Phoxinus phoxinusin northern Finland. Aquilo, Serie Zoologica,22(0), 149--56.[17]
Naeem, S. (1988a) Predator-prey interactions and community structure: chironomids, mosquitoes and copepods in Heliconia imbricata(Musaceae). Oecologia (Berlin),77, 202--9.[7][12]
Naeem, S. (1988b). Resource heterogeneity fosters coexistence of a mite and a midge in pitcher plants. Ecological Monographs,58, 215--27.[12]
Nagano, T., Ohta, N., Okano, M., Ono, T. and Masuda, Y. (1992) Analysis of antigenic determinants shared by two different allergens recognized by human T cells: House dust mite (Dermatophagoiudes pteronyssinus) and chironomid midge (Chironomus yoshimatsui). Allergy,47, 554--9.[14]
Nagell, B. and Landahl, C.C. (1978) Resistance to anoxia of Chironomus plumosusand Chironomus anthracinus(Diptera) larvae. Holarctic Ecology,1, 333--6.[6]
Nagell, B. and Orrhage L. (1981) On the structure and function of the ventral tubuli of some Chironomus larvae. Hydrobiologica78, 11--6.[2]
Naumann, E. (1929) Einige neue Gesichtspunkte zur Systematik der Gewassertypen. Mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der Seetypen. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,20, 191--8.[15]
Nebeker, A.V., Onjukka, S.T. and Cairns, M.A. (1988) Chronic effects of contaminated sediment on Daphnia magnaand Chironomus tentans. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,41, 574--81.[15]
Neems, R., McLachlan, A.J. and Chambers, R. (1990) Body size and lifetime mating success of male midges (Diptera: Chironomidae). Animal Behaviour,40, 648--52.[9]
Neems, R., Lazarus, J. and McLachlan, A.J. (1992) Swarming behavior in male chironomid midges: a cost-benefit analysis. Behavioural Ecology,3, 285--290.[9]
Nelson, G. (1978) From Candolle to Croizat: Comments on the History of Biogeography. Journal of the History of Biology,11, 269--305.[4]
Nelson, G. and Platnick, N.I. (1978) The perils of plesiomorphy: widespread taxa, dispersal, and phenetic biogeography. Systematic Zoology,27, 474--7.[4]
Nelson, G. and Platnick, N.I. (1984) Biogeography,Carolina Biological Supply Co., Burlington, North Carolina, 16pp.[4]
Neubert, J. (1986) Zur akuten Toxizitat von Trichlorfon gegenuber ausgewahlten Wasserorganismen. Acta Hydrochimie Hydrobiologie,14, 643--51.[15]
Neumann, D. (1961) Osmotische Resistenz und Osmoregulation aquatischer Chironomidenlarven. Biologisches Zentralblatt,6, 693--715.[6]
Neumann, D. (1966) Die lunare und tagliche Schlupfperiodik der Mucke Clunio. Steuerung und Abstimmung auf die Schlupfperiodik. Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Physiologie,53, 1--61.[9]
Neumann, D. (1976) Adaptations of chironomids to intertidal environments. Annual Review of Entomology, 21, 387--414.[6][9]
Neumann, D. and Honegger, H.W. (1969) Adaptions of the intertidal midge Clunioto arctic conditions. Oecologia,3, 1--13.[9]
Neumann, D. and Kruger, M. (1985) Combined effects of photoperiod and temperature on the diapause of an intertidal chironomid Clunio marinus. Oecologia,67, 154--6.[9][10]
Newman, L.J. (1977) Chromosomal evolution of the Hawaiian Telmatogeton(Chironomidae: Diptera). Chromosoma,64, 349--69.[3]
Newman, R.M. (1991) Herbivory and detritivory on freshwater macrophytes by invertebrates: a review. Journal of the North American Benthological Society,10, 89--114.[7]
Neves, R.J. (1979) Secondary production of epilithic fauna in a woodland stream. American Midland Naturalist,102, 209--24.[11]
Nickle, W.R. (1972) A contribution to our knowledge of the Mermithidae (Nematoda). Journal of Nematology,4, 113--46.[12]
Nielsen, E.T. and Greve, H. (1950) Studies on the swarming habits of mosquitoes and other Nematocera. Bulletin of Entomological Research,41, 227--58.[9]
Nielsen, E.T. and Haeger, J.S. (1960) Swarming and mating in mosquitoes. Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America,1, 71--95.[9]
Nielsen, H.T, and Nielsen, E.T. (1962) Swarming of mosquitoes. Laboratory experiments under controlled conditions. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata (Amsterdam),5, 14--32.[9]
Nilsson, C. (1984) Filtrera -- ett satt att ata hos vatteninsekter. Fauna och Flora,79, 227--38.[7]
Noda, H., Miyazaki, M. and Hashimoto, H. (1986) Injury to rice leaves by chironomid larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology,30, 66--8.[7]
Noll, W. (1952) Es regnete Zuckmuckeneier. Nachrichten naturwissenschaftlichen Museums der Stadt Aschaffenburg,34, 71--4.[9]
Nolte, U. (1988) Small water colonization in pulse stable varzea and constant terra firme biotopes on the Neotropics. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,113(4), 541--50.[9]
Nolte, U. (1990) Chironomid biomass determination from larval shape. Freshwater Biology,24, 443--51.[11]
Nolte, U. (1993) Egg masses of Chironomidae (Diptera). A review, including new observations and a preliminary key. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,43, 1-75.[2][5][9]
Nolte, U. (in press) from egg to imago in less than seven days: Apedilum elachistum(Chironomidae). Proceeding of the 12th International Symposium on Chironomidae, Canberra 1994.[5]
Nolte, U. and Hoffman, T. (1992) Fast life in cold water: Diamesa incallida(Chironomidae). Ecography15, 25--30.[2][5]
Nolte, U. and Hoffmann, T. (1993) Life cycle of Pseudodiamesa branickii(Chironomidae) in a small upland stream. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 309-314.[10]
Nordlie, K.J. and Arthur, J.W. (1981) Effect of elevated water temperature on insect emergence in outdoor experimental channels. Environmental Pollution (Series A),25, 53--65.[9]
Nordlie, K.J. and Arthur, J.W. (1981) Effect of elevated water temperature on insect emergence in outdoor experimental channels. Environmental Pollution (Series A),25, 53--65.[15]
Okland, J. and Okland K.A. (1986) The effects of acid deposition on benthic animals in lakes and streams. Experientia,42, 471--86.[15]
Ogawa, K. (1992) Field trapping of male midges Rheotanytarsus kyotoensis(Diptera: Chironomidae) by sounds. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology,43, 77--80.[9]
Ohkura, T. and Tabaru, Y. (1975) Control of chironomids breeding in eel culture ponds. Suisan Zoshoku,23: 1--7.[13]
Ohno, M. and Okamoto, H. (1980) Test on the susceptibility of the last instar larvae of Chironomus yoshimatsuiMartin and Sublette (Diptera: Chironomidae) collected at the Kanda River to two organophosphorus insecticides. Tokyo Metropolitan Public Health Research Laboratory Annual Report,31, 261--4.[13]
Ohno, M. and Shimizu, K. (1982) On changes in numbers of larvae and imagines of Chironomus yoshimatsuiMartin and Sublette (Diptera: Chironomidae), and drift of the larvae after applications of temephos in the Kanda River. Tokyo Metropolitan Public Health Research Laboratory Annual Report,33, 314--21.[13]
Oka, H. and Hashimoto, H. (1959) Lunare Periodizitat in der Fortpflanzung einer spezifischen Art von Clunio. Biologische Zentralblatt,78, 545--59.[9]
Olafsson, J.S. (1992) A comparative study on mouthpart morphology of certain larvae of Chironomini (Diptera: Chironomidae) with reference to the larval feeding habits. Journal of Zoology, London,228, 183--204.[2][3]
Olander, R. and Palmen, E. (1968) Taxonomy, ecology and behaviour of the northern Baltic Clunio marinusHalid. (Dipt., Chironomidae). Annales Zoologici Fennici,5, 97--110.[9]
Olatunde, A.A. and Moneke, C.C. (1985) The food habits of four mormyrid species in Zaria, Nigeria. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,102, 503--17.[17]
Oliver, D.R. (1959) Some Diamesini (Chironomidae) from the Nearctic and Palaearctic. Entomologisk Tidskrift,80, 48--64.
Oliver, D.R. (1968) Adaptations of arctic Chironomidae. Annales Zoologici Fennici,5, 111--8.[5][9][10]
Oliver, D.R. (1971) Life history of the Chironomidae. Annual Review of Entomology,16, 211--30.[6][7][9][10]
Oliver, D.R. (1979) Contribution of life history information to taxonomy of aquatic insects. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,36, 318--21. [1]
Oliver, D.R. (1981) Chapter 29: Chironomidae, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera,Vol. 1 (eds J. F. McAlpine et al.), Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 27, 1--674.[1][18]
Oliver, D.R. (1984) Description of a new species of CricotopusVan der Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) associated with Myriophyllum spicatum. Canadian Entomologist,116, 1287--92.[7]
Oliver, D.R. and Corbet, P.S. (1966) Aquatic habitats in a high arctic locality: the Hazen camp study area, Ellesmere Island, N.W.T. Operation Hazen No. 26, Defense Research Board of Canada.[10]
Oliver, D.R. and Sinclair, B.J. (1989) Madicolous Chironomidae (Diptera), with a review of Metriocnemus hygropetricusKIEFFER. Acta Biologica Debrecina Oecologica Hungarica,2, 285--93.[6]
Oliver, D.R., Dillon, M.E. and Cranston, P.S. (1990) A Catalog of Nearctic Chironomidae. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, pp.89.[3][4][18]
Olsson, T.I. (1981) Overwintering of benthic macroinvertebrates in ice and frozen sediment in a North Swedish river. Holarctic Ecology,4, 161--6.[10]
Ormerod, S.J., Boole, P., McCahon, C.P., Weatherley, N.S., Pascoe, D. and Edwards, R.W. (1987) Short-term experimental acidification of a Welsh stream: comparing the biological effects of hydrogen ions and aluminium. Freshwater Biology,17, 341--56.[15]
Ostrovskii, I.S. (1982) Growth and production of Chironomus plumosus(Chironomidae, Diptera) larvae in Lake Sevan. Soviet Journal of Ecology,14, 54--60.[11]
Ostrofsky, M.L. and Zettler, E.R. (1986) Chemical defences in aquatic plants. Journal of Ecology,74, 279--87.[7]
Otsuka, K. Kon, M. and Hidaka, T. (1986) The mating system of Tokunagayusurika akamusi(Diptera: Chironomidae): II. Experimental analysis of male mating behaviour at the resting place. Journal of Ethology,4, 147--52.[9]
Otto, C. (1983) Adaptations to benthic freshwater herbivory, in Periphyton of Freshwater Ecosystems,(ed. R.G. Wetzel), Dr. W. Junk, The Hague, pp.199--205.[7]
Outridge, P.M. (1988) Seasonal and spatial variations in benthic macroinvertebrate communities of Magela Creek, Northern Territory. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,39, 211--23.
Owen, H.G. (1981) Constant dimensions or an expanding Earth ?, in The Evolving Earth(ed. L.R.M. Cocks), British Museum (Natural History), London, pp.179--192.[4]
Owen, M. and Thomas, G.J. (1979) The feeding ecology and conservation of wigeon wintering at the Ouse Washes, England, UK. Journal of Applied Ecology,16, 795--810.[17]
Paasivirta, L. (1972) Taxonomy, ecology and swarming behaviour of Tanytarsus gracilentusHolm. (Diptera, Chironomidae) in Valasaaret, Gulf of Bothnia, Finland. Annales Zoologici Fennici,9, 255--64.[9]
Pagast, F. (1947) Systematik und Verbreitung der um die Gattung Diamesa gruppierten Chironomiden. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,61, 435--596.[3]
Palavesam, A. and Muthukrishnan, J. (1992) Influence of food quality and temperature on fecundity of Kiefferulus barbitarsis(Kieffer) (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects,14, 145--52.[7]
Palawski, D.U., Hunn, J.B., Chester, D.N. and Wiedmeyer, R.H. (1989) Interactive effects of acidity and aluminium exposure on the life cycle of the midge Chironomus riparius(Diptera). Journal of Freshwater Ecology,5, 155--62.[15]
Palmen, E. (1955) Diel periodicity of pupal emergence in natural populations of some chironomids (Diptera). Suomalaisen elain-ja kasvitieteellisen seuran vanamon kasvitieteellisia julkaisuja,17, 1--30.[9]
Palmen, E. (1962) Studies on the ecology and phenology of the chiromonids (Dipt.) of the Northern Baltic. 1. Allochironomus crassiforcepsK. Suomen hyonteistietellinen Aikakauskirja,28, 137--68.[9]
Palmen, E. and Lindeberg, B. (1959) The marine midge Clunio marinusHal. (Dipt., Chironomidae) found in brackish water in the Northern Baltic. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie,44, 383--94.[6][9]
Palomaki, R. (1987) The Chironomidae of some lakes and rivers in Nicaragua. Entomologica Scandinavica,Supplement29, 45--9.[13]
Pandian, T.J. (1987) Sustainable clean water and aquaculture. Ergebnisse der Limnologie,28, 333--42.[17]
Paris, O.H. and Jenner, C.E. (1959) Photoperiodic control of diapause in the pitcher-plant midge, Metriocnemus knabiin Photoperiodism and Related Phenomena in Plants and Animals(ed. R.B. Withrow). AAAS, Washington, pp.601--24.[10]
Parker, C.R. and Voshell, J.R. (1979) Cardiocladius(Diptera: Chironomidae) larvae ectoparasitic on pupae of Hydropsychidae. Environmental Entomology,8, 357--61.[7][12]
Parkin, R.B. and Stahl, J.B. (1981) Chironomidae (Diptera) of Baldwin Lake, Illinois, a cooling reservoir. Hydrobiologia,76, 119--28.[15]
Parlato, S.J. (1929) A case of coryza and asthma due to sand flies (caddis flies). Journal of Allergy,1, 35--42.[14]
Parlato, S.J. (1930) The sand fly (caddis fly) as exciting cause of allergic coryza and asthma. II. Its relative frequency. Journal of Allergy,1, 307--12.[14]
Parlato, S.J. (1938) The mayfly as exciting cause of seasonal allergic coryza and asthma. Journal of Allergy,10, 56.[14]
Parma, S. and Krebs, B.P.M. (1977) The distribution of chironomid larvae in relation to chloride concentration in a brackish water region of the Netherlands. Hydrobiologia,52, 117--26.[6]
Pascoe, D., Williams, K.A. and Green, D.W.J. (1989) Chronic toxicity of cadmium to Chironomus ripariusMeigen -- effects upon larval development and adult emergence. Hydrobiologia,175, 109--15.[15]
Paterson, C.G. and Cameron, C.J. (1982) Seasonal dynamics and ecological strategies of the pitcher plant chironomid, Metriocnemus knabiCoq. (Diptera: Chironomidae), in southeast New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Zoology,60, 3075--83.[7][9][10]
Paterson, C.G. and Walker, K.F. (1974a) Seasonal dynamics and productivity of Tanytarsus barbitarsisFreeman (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the benthos of a shallow, saline lake. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,25, 151--65.[11]
Paterson, C.G. and Walker, K.F. (1974b) Recent history of Tanytarsus barbitarsisFreeman (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the sediments of a shallow, saline lake. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,25, 315--25.[10][16]
Patterson, R.S. (1964) Recent investigations on the use of BHC and EPN to control chironomid midges in central Florida. Mosquito News24, 294--9.[13]
Patterson, R.S. (1965) Control of chironomid midges in Florida. Florida Anti-Mosquito Association Annual Report,36, 35--9.[13]
Patterson, R.S. and Wilson, F.L. (1966) Fogging and granule applications are teamed to control chironomid midges on Florida lake fronts. Pest Control,34, 26--31.[13]
Patterson, R.S., von Windeguth, D.L., Glancy, B.M. and Wilson, F.L. (1966) Control of the midge Glyptotendipes paripeswith low-volume aerial sprays of malathion. Journal of Economic Entomology,59, 864--6.[13]
Payne, S.L. and Pearson, W.D. (1981) Feeding preferences of postlarval longnose gar (Lepidosteus osseus) of the Ohio River. Transactions of the Kyoto Academy of Science,42, 119--131.[17]
Peckarsky, B.L. (1984) Predator--prey interactions among aquatic insects, in The Ecology of Aquatic Insects(eds V.H. Resh and D.M. Rosenberg), Praeger, New York., pp.196--254.[12]
Peckarsky, B.L. (1985) Do predaceous stoneflies and siltation affect the structure of stream insect communities colonizing enclosures? Canadian Journal of Zoology,63, 1519--30.[12]
Peckarsky, B.L., Hom, S.C. and Statzner, B. (1990) Stonefly predation along a hydraulic gradient a field test of the harsh-benign hypothesis. Freshwater Biology,24(1), 181--92.[17]
Peckham, V. (1971) Notes on the chironomid midge Belgica antarcticaJacobs at Anvers Island in the maritime Antarctic. Pacific Insects Monograph,25, 145--66.[9]
Pelsue, F.W. and McFarland, G.C. (1971) Laboratory and field studies on a new chironomid species in the Southeast Mosquito Abatement District. Proceedings and Papers of the California Mosquito Control Association,39, 74--9.[13]
Pelsue, F.W., McFarland, G.C. and Beesley, C. (1974) Field evaluation of two insect growth regulators against chironomid midges in water spreading basins. Proceedings and Papers of the California Mosquito Control Association,42, 157--63.[13]
Pennak, R.W. (1978) Fresh-Water Invertebrates of the United States,2nd ed. Wiley, New York.[6]
Pereira, C.R.D., Anderson, N.H. and Dudley, T. (1982) Gut content analysis of aquatic insects from wood substrates. Melanderia,39, 23--33.[7]
Perrin, C.J., Bothwell, M.L. and Slaney, P.A. (1987) Experimental enrichment of a coastal stream in British Columbia: effects of organic and inorganic additions on autotrophic periphyton production. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,44, 1247--56.[17]
Petr, T. (1968) Distribution, abundance and food of commercial fish in the Black Volta and the Volta man-made lake in Ghana during its first period of filling (1964--1966). I. Mormyridae. Hydrobiologia,32, 417--48.[17]
Petr, T. (1974) Distribution, abundance and food of commercial fish in the Black Volta and the Volta man-made lake in Ghana during the filling period (1964--1968). II. Characidae. Hydrobiologia,45, 303--37.[17]
Petridis, D. (1990) The influence of grass carp on habitat structure and its subsequent effect on the diet of tench. Journal of Fish Biology,36(4), 533--44.[17]
Pettigrove, V. (1989) Larval mouthpart deformities in Procladius paludicolaSkuse (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the Murray and Darling Rivers, Australia. Hydrobiologia,179, 111--7.[15]
Pfluger, W. (1973) Die Sanduhrsteuerung der gezeitensynchronen Schlupfrhythmik der Mucke Clunio marinusim arktischen Mittsommer. Oecologia,11, 113--50.[9]
Pfluger, W. and Neumann, D. (1971) Die Steuerung einer gezeitenparallelen Schlupfrhythmik nach dem Sanduhrprinzip. Oecologia,7, 262--6.[9]
Phillipp, P. (1938) XX. Studien uber den jahres- und tagezeitlichen Insektenflug uber Teichen. Zeitschrift fur Fischerei und deren Hilfswissenschaften,35, 731--75.[9]
Phillips, V.E. (1991) Pochard Aythya ferinause of chironomid-rich flowing feeding habitat in winter. Bird Study,38, 118--22.[17]
Pienitz, R., Walker, I.R., Zeeb, B.A., Smol, J.P. and Leavitt, P.R. (1992) Biomonitoring past salinity changes in an athalassic subarctic lake. International Journal of Salt Lake Research,1, 91--123.[16]
Pinder, A.M., Trayler, K.M. and Davis, J.A. (1991) Chironomid control in Perth wetlands. Final report and recommendations. School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Murdoch University,Australia.[13]
Pinder, A.M., Trayler, K.M., Mercer, J.W., Arena, J. and Davis, J.A. (1993) Diel periodicities of adult emergence of some chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) and a mayfly (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) at a Western Australian wetland. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society,32, 129--135.[9]
Pinder, L.C.V. (1974) The Chironomidae of a small chalk-stream in southern England. Entomologisk Tidskrift (Supplementum), 95, 195--202.[9][10][12][15]
Pinder, L.C.V. (1977) The Chironomidae and their ecology in chalk streams. Report of the Freshwater Biological Association45, 62--9.[7]
Pinder, L.C.V. (1978) A key to adult males of the British Chironomidae (Diptera). Scientific Publications of the Freshwater Biological Association,37, 1-169 [18]
Pinder, L.C.V. (1980) Spatial distribution of Chironomidae in an English chalk stream, in Chironomidae: Ecology, Systematics, Cytology and Physiology,(ed. D.A. Murray), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp.153--61.[6][7]
Pinder, L.C.V. (1983) Observations on the life-cycles of some Chironomidae in southern England. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society,34, 249--65.[10]
Pinder, L.C.V. (1986) Biology of freshwater Chironomidae. Annual Review of Entomology,31, 1--23.[6][7]
Pinder, L.C.V. (1992) Biology of epiphytic Chironomidae (Diptera: Nematocera) in chalk streams. Hydrobiologia,248, 39--51.[5][6][7]
Pinder, L.C.V. and Farr, I.S. (1987) Biological surveillance of water quality -- 3. The influence of organic matter enrichment on the macroinvertebrate fauna of small chalk streams. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,109, 619--37.[15]
Plante, C. and Downing, J.A. (1990) Empirical evidence for differences among methods for calculating secondary production. Journal of the North American Benthological Society,9, 9--16.[11]
Poinar, G.O. (1993) Insects in amber. Annual Reviews of Entomology,46, 145--59.[4]
Polls, I., Greenberg, B. and Lue-Hing, C. (1975) Control of nuisance midges in a channel receiving treated municipal sewage. Mosquito News,35, 533--7.[13]
Pontasch, K.W. and Cairns, J. Jr., (1991) Multispecies toxicity tests using indigenous organisms: predicting the effects of complex effluents in streams. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,20, 103--12.[15]
Potter, D.W.B. and Learner, M.A. (1974) A study of the benthic macroinvertebrates of a shallow eutrophic reservoir in South Wales with emphasis on the Chironomidae (Diptera); their life-histories and production. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,74, 186--226.[9][10][11]
Power, M.E. (1991) Shifts in the effects of tuftweaving midges on filamentous algae. American Midland Naturalist,125, 275--85.[7]
Power, M.E., Stout, R.J., Cushing, C.E., Harper, P.P., Hauer, F.R., Matthews, W.J., Moyle, P.B., Statzner, B. and Wais De Bagden, I.R. (1988) Biotic and abiotic controls in river and stream communities. Journal of the North American Benthological Society,7, 456--79.[15]
Powlesland, C. and George, J. (1986) Acute and chronic toxicity of nickel to larvae of Chironomus riparius(Meigen). Environmental Pollution (Series A),42, 47--64.[15]
Prat, N. and Daroca, M.V. (1983) Eutrophication processes in Spanish reservoirs as revealed by biological records in profundal sediments. Hydrobiologia,103, 153--8.[16]
Prelicz, H., Baur, X., Dewair, M., Tichy, H., Kay, A.B., Tee, R.D. and Cranston, P.S. (1986) Persistence of hemoglobin allergenicity and antigenicity during metamorphosis of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera). International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology,79, 72--6.[14]
Prichard, G. (1964) The prey of dragonfly larvae (Odonata: Anisoptera) in ponds in northern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Zoology,42, 785--800.[13]
Pringle, C.M. (1985) Effects of chironomid (Insecta: Diptera) tube-building activities on stream diatom communities. Journal of Phycology,21, 185--94.[7]
Pritchard, G. (1983) Biology of Tipulidae. Annual Reviews of Entomology,28, 1--22.[10]
Provost, M.W. and Branch, N. (1959) Food of chironomid larvae in Polk County lakes. Florida Entomologist,42, 49--62.[7][13]
Przybylski, M. and Banbura, J. (1989) Feeding relations between the gudgeon Gobio gobioL. and stone loach Noemacheilus barbatulusL. Acta Hydrobiologica, Krakow,31(1--2), 109--20.[17]
Raddum, G.G. (1985) Effects of winter warm reservoir release on benthic stream invertebrates. Hydrobiologia,122, 105--11.[15]
Raddum, G.G. and Saether, O.A. (1981) Chironomid communities in Norwegian lakes with different degrees of acidification. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,21, 399--405.[15]
Raddum, G.G., Hagenlund, G. and Halvorson, G.A. (1984) Effects of lime treatment on the benthos of Lake Sondre Boksjo. Institute of Freshwater Research Drottningholm Report,61, 167--76.[15]
Raddum, G.G., Brettum, P., Matzow, D., Nilssen, J.P., Skov, A., Svealv, T. and Wright, R.F. (1986) Liming the acid Lake Hovvatn, Norway: A whole-ecosystem study. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution,31, 721--63.[15]
Raddum, G.G., Fjellheim, A. and Hesthagen, T. (1988) Monitoring of acidification by the use of aquatic organisms. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,23, 2291--7.[15]
Rae, J.G. (1985) A multivariate study of resource partitioning in soft bottom lotic Chironomidae. Hydrobiologia,126, 275--85.[12]
Rae, J.G. (1989) Chironomid midges as indicators of organic pollution in the Sciotio River Basin, Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science,89, 5--9.[15]
Rainey, R.C. (1976) Insect Flight. Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society,7, Blackwell, Oxford.[9]
Ran, E.T.H. (1990) Dynamics of vegetation and environment during the middle pleniglacial in the Dinkel Valley (The Netherlands). Mededelingen van's Rijks Geologische Dienst,44--3, 141--205.[16]
Ranta, E. and Espo, J. (1989) Predation by the rock-pool insects Arctocorisa carinata, Callicorixa producta(Heteroptera: Corixidae) and Potamonectes griseostriatus(Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Annales Zoologici Fennici,26(1), 53--60.[17]
Rasanen, M, Salonen, V.-P., Salo, J., Walls, M. and Sarvala, J. (1992) Recent history of sedimentation and biotic communities in Lake Pyhajarvi, SW Finland. Journal of Paleolimnology,7, 107--26.[16]
Rask, M. (1989) A note on the diet of roach Rutilus rutilusL. and other cyprinids at Tvarminne, northern Baltic Sea. Aqua Fennica,19 (1), 19--28.[17]
Rasmussen. J.B. (1982) The effect of thermal effluent, before and after macrophyte harvesting, on standing crop and species composition of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in Lake Wabamun, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Zoology,60, 3196--205.[15]
Rasmussen, J.B. (1984a) Comparison of gut contents and assimilation efficiency of fourth instar larvae of two coexisting chironomids, Chironomus ripariusMeigen and Glyptotendipes paripes(Edwards). Canadian Journal of Zoology,62, 1022--6.[7][11]
Rasmussen, J.B. (1984b) The life-history, distribution, and production of Chironomus ripariusand Glyptotendipes paripesin a prairie pond. Hydrobiologia,119, 65--72.[7][10][11]
Rasmussen, J.B. (1985) Effects of density and microdetritus enrichment on the growth of chironomid larvae in a small pond. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,42, 1418--22.[7][10]
Rasmussen, K. (1990) Some positive and negative effects of stocking whitefish on the ecosystem redevelopment of Hjarbaek Fjord, Denmark. Hydrobiologia,200/201, 593--602.[13][17]
Rasmussen, K. and Lindegaard, C. (1988) Effects of iron compounds on macroinvertebrate communities in a Danish lowland river system. Water Research,22, 1101--8.[15]
Rathburn, C.B. (1988) Insecticides labeled for the control of adult and larval mosquitoes by ground and aerial application methods. Journal of the Florida Anti-Mosquito Association,59, 27--36.[13]
Rawson, D.S. and Moore, J.E. (1944) The saline lakes of Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Research, D,22, 141--201.[6]
Reice, S.R. (1985) Experimental disturbance and the maintenance of species diversity in a stream community. Oecologia,67, 90--7.[12]
Reice, S.R. and Edwards, R.L. (1986) The effect of vertebrate predation on lotic macroinvertebrate communities in Quebec, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology,64, 1930--6.[12]
Reimer, G. (1985) Contributions on the feeding habits of arctic char Salvelinus alpinusin Austria. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,105, 229--38.[17]
Reisen, W.K., Milby, M.M., Meyer, R.P. and Reeves, W.C. (1983) Population ecology of Culex tarsalis(Diptera: Culicidae) in a foothill environment in Kern County, California: temporal changes in male relative abundance and swarming behavior. Annals of the Entomological Society of America,76, 809--15.[9]
Reiss, F. (1968) Okologische und systematische Untersuchungen an Chironomiden (Diptera) des Bodensees. Ein Beitrag zur lakustrischen Chironomidenfauna des nordlichen Alpenvorlandes. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,64, 176--323.[9][10]
Reiss, F. (1971) Zum Kopulations-Mechanismus bei Chironomiden (Diptera) II. Limnologica,8, 35--42.[9]
Reiss, F. (1977) Qualitative and quantitative investigations on the macrobenthic fauna of Central Amazon lakes. Amazoniana,6, 203--35.[6]
Reiss, F. (1985a) A contribution to the zoogeography of the Turkish Chironomidae (Diptera). Israel Journal of Entomology,19, 161--70.[4]
Reiss, F. (1985b) Die panamerikanisch verbreitete Tanytarsini-Gattung Skutziagen. nov. (Diptera, Chironomidae). Spixiana Supplement,11, 173--8.[18]
Reiss, F. (1986) Ein Beitrag zur Chironomidenfauna Syriens (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomofauna,7, 153--66.[4]
Reiss, F. (1989) Erster Beitrag zur Chironomidenfauna Portugals. Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen,38, 46--50.[4]
Reiss, F. and Kohmann, F. (1982) Die Chironomidenfauna (Diptera, Insecta) des unteren Inn. Mitteilungen der Zoologischen Gesellschaft Braunau,4, 77--88.[6]
Reiss, F. and Sublette, J.E. (1985) Beardiusnew genus with notes on additional Pan-American taxa (Diptera, Chironomidae). Spixiana Supplement,11, 179--93.[18]
Remmert, H. (1955) Untersuchungen uber das tageszeitlich gebundene Schlupfen von Pseudosmittia arenaria. Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Physiologie,37, 338--54.[9]
Remmert, H. (1960) Uber die Eiablage von Trichocladius vitripennis(Meigen). Kieler Meeresforschungen,16, 236--7.[9]
Remmert, H. (1962) Der Schlupfrhythmus der Insekten. Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden.[9]
Remmert, H. (1965) Uber den Tagesrhythmus Arktischer Tiere. Zietschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere,55, 142--60.[9]
Rempel, J.G. (1936) The life-history and morphology of Chironomus hyperboreus. Journal of the Biological Board of Canada,2, 209--21.[5]
Rempel, R.S. and Harrison, A.D. (1987) Structural and functional composition of the community of Chironomidae (Diptera) in a Canadian Shield stream. Canadian Journal of Zoology,65(10), 2545--54.[9]
Resta, O., Forschino-Barbaro, M.P., Carnimeo, N., Di Napoli, P.L., Pavese, I. and Schino, P. (1982) Occupational asthma from fish-feed (Echinodorus plamosus larva). La medicina del lavoro,3, 234--6.[14]
Reymond, H. and Lagardere, J.P. (1990) Feeding rhythms and food of Penaeus japonicusBate (Crustacea: Penaeidae) in salt marsh ponds: role of halophilic entomofauna. Aquaculture,84(2), 125--44.[17]
Reynoldson, T.B. and Sefton, A.D. (1976) The food of Planaria torva(Muller) (Turbellaria - Tricladida), a laboratory and field study. Freshwater Biology,6, 229--40.[17]
Richardson, J.S. (1991) Seasonal food limitation of detritivores in a montane stream: an experimental test. Ecology,72, 873--87.[11]
Rieradevall, M. and Prat, N. (1991) Benthic fauna of Banyoles Lake (NE Spain). Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,24, 1020--3.[15]
Ring, R. (1989) Intertidal Chironomidae of B.C., Canada. Acta Biologica Debrecina, Oecologica Hungarica,3, 1989 275--88.[2]
Ringe, F. (1974) Chironomiden-Emergenz, 1970 in Breitenbach und Rohrwiesenbach. Schlitzer Produktionsbiologische Studien (10). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Supplementband,45, 212--304.[9][18]
Ripley, M.P. (1980) The relation of dry weight and temperature to respiration in some benthic chironomid species in Lough Neagh, in Chironomidae: Ecology, Systematics, Cytology and Physiology(ed. D.A. Murray), Pergamon, New York, pp.81--8.[11]
Risbec, J. (1951) Les Dipteres nuisibles au riz de Camargue au debut de son developpment. Revue de Pathologie Vegetale et d'Entomologie Agricole de France,30, 211--7.[13]
Roback, S.S. (1965) A new subgenus and species of Symbiocladiusfrom South America (Diptera, Tendipedidae). Entomological News,76, 113--22.[12]
Roback, S.S. (1969a) Notes on the food of Tanypodinae larvae. Entomological News,80, 13--8.[7][12]
Roback, S.S. (1969b) The immature stages of the genus TanypusMeigen (Diptera: Chironomidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society,94, 407--28.[7]
Roback, S.S. (1976) Note on the feeding habits of Clinotanypus pinguis(Loew) (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae). Entomological News,87, 243--4.[7]
Roback, S.S. (1977a) The immature chironomids of the eastern United States II. Tanypodinae -- Tanypodini. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,128, 55--87.[7]
Roback, S.S. (1977b) First record of a chironomid larva living phoretically on an aquatic hemipteran (Naucoridae). Entomological News,88, 192.[12]
Roback, S.S. (1979) Numerical taxonomic methodology and its application to chironomid classification. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,10, 75--9.[3]
Roback, S.S. (1989) The larval development of Djalmabatista pulcher(Joh.) (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,141, 73--84.[3]
Roback, S.S. and Moss, W.W. (1978) Numerical taxonomic studies on the congruence of classifications for the genera and subgenera of Macropelopiini and Anatopyniini (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,129, 125--50.[3]
Roback, S.S. and Coffman, W.P. (1983) The results of the Catherwood Bolivian-Peruvian Altiplano Expedition. Part II. Aquatic Diptera including montane Diamesinae and Orthocladiinae (Chironomidae) from Venezuela. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,135, 9--79.[4]
Roback, S.S., Bereza, D.J. and Vidrine, M.F. (1979) Description of an Ablabesmyia(Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) symbiont of unionid fresh--water mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionacea), with notes on its biology and zoogeography. Transactions of the American Entomological Society,105, 577--620.[12]
Robles, C. (1984) Coincidence of agonistic larval behaviour, uniform dispersion, and unusual pupal morphology in a genus of marine midges (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of Natural History,18, 897--904.[8]
Rodcharoen. J., Mulla, M.S. and Chaney, J.D. (1991) Microbial larvicides for the control of nuisance aquatic midges breeding in mesocosms and man-made lakes in California. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association,7, 56--62.[13]
Rodina, A.G. (1971) The role of bacteria in the feeding of the tendipedid larvae. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Translation SeriesNo. 1848.[7]
Rodova, R.A. (1978) Opredelitelj samok komarov-zvonzov Tribyj Chironomini (Diptera: Chironomidae). Institut Akad Nauk, SSSR,1--145.[2]
Rodrigues, C.S. and Kaushik, N.K. (1986) Laboratory evaluation of the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron against black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae and its effects on nontarget stream invertebrates. The Canadian Entomologist,118, 549--58.[15]
Romer, F. and Rosin, S. (1969) Untersuchungen uber die Bedeutung der Flugtone beim Schwarmen von Chironomus plumosusL. Revue Suisse de Zoologie,76, 734--40.[9]
Romer, F. and Rosin, S. (1971) Einfluss von Licht und Temperatur auf die Schwarmzeit von Chironomus plumosusL. im Jahresverlauf. Revue Suisse de Zoologie,78, 851--67.[9]
Rosenberg, D.M. (1993) Freshwater biomonitoring and Chironomidae. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 101--122.[15]
Rosenberg, D.M. and Resh, V.H. (eds) (1992) Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates,Chapman and Hall, New York.[15]
Rosenberg, D.M. and Wiens, A.P. (1980) Responses of Chironomidae (Diptera) to short-term experimental sediment additions in the Harris River, Northwest Territories, Canada. Acta Universitatis Carolinae-Biologica,1978, 181--92.[15]
Ross, P.E. and Kalff, J. (1975) Phytoplankton production in Lake Memphremagog, Quebec (Canada) -- Vermont (USA). Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,19, 760--9.[11]
Rossaro, B. (1979) Confronto tra classifizione filetica e fenetica nel genere Cricotopusvan der Wulp. Bolletino della Societa Entomologica Italiana,111, 76--82.[3]
Rossaro, B. (1981) Utilizazione della tassonomia numerica per una revisione delle Diamesinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Bolletino della Zoologiae Supplementa,48, 97.[3]
Rossaro, B. (1987) Chironomid emergence in the Po River (Italy) near a nuclear power plant. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,29, 331--8.[15]
Rossaro, B. (1988) A contribution to the knowledge of chironomids in Italy. Spixiana Supplement,14, 191--200.[4]
Rossaro, B. (1989) A numerical taxonomy study of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Acta Biologica Debrecen, Oecologica Hungarica,2, 315--324.[3]
Rossaro, B. (1991) Chironomids of stony bottom streams: a detrended correspondence analysis. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,122, 79--93.[15]
Rossaro, B. (1993) Ordination methods and chironomid species in stony bottom streams. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 447--56.[12][15]
Ruse, L.P. and Wilson, R.S. (1984) The monitoring of river water quality within the Great Ouse Basin using the chironomid exuvial analysis technique. Water Pollution Control,83, 116--35.[15]
Ruzickova, J. (1987) Cohort analysis and production estimate of Chironomus larvae (Diptera, Chironomidae) in a carp pond in southwest Bohemia. Vevstnik Ceske Spolecvnosti Zoologicke,51, 140--51.[11]
Rzoska, J. (1964) Mass outbreaks of insects in the Sudanese Nile Basin. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur theoretische und angewandte Limnologie,15, 194--200.[9]
Sadler, W.O. (1935) The biology of the midge Chironomus tentans Fabricius, and methods for its propagation. Memoirs of Cornell University Agricultural Experimental Station,173, 1--25.[5][17]
Sand-Jensen, K. and Madsen, T.V. (1989) Invertebrates graze submerged rooted macrophytes in lowland streams. Oikos,55, 420--3.[7]
Sandberg, G. (1969) A quantitative study of chironomid distribution and emergence in Lake Erken. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Supplementband,35, 119--201.[9][12]
Sasa, M. (1990) Studies on the chironomid midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Nansei Islands, southern Japan. Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine,60, 111--65.[4]
Sasa, M. and Hasegawa, H. (1983) Chironomid midges of the tribe Chironomini collected from sewage ditches, eutrophicated ponds, and some clean streams in the Ryuku Islands, southern Japan. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology,34, 305--41.[4]
Sasa, M. (1979) A morphological study of adults and immature stages of 20 Japanese species of the family Chironomidae (Diptera). National Institute of Environmental Studies Research Report,7, 1--148.[13]
Sasa, M. (1985) [Chironomid midges as the cause of bronchial asthma] Kankyo Eisei,32, 8--14 [In Japanese][13][14]
Saether, O.A. (1962) Larval overwintering coccons in Endochironomus tendensFabricius Hydrobiologia,20, 377--81.[6][10]
Saether, O.A. (1968) Chironomids of the Finse Area, Norway, with special reference to their distribution in a glacier brook. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,64, 426--83.[6]
Saether, O.A. (1971) Notes on general morphology and terminology of the Chironomidae. Canadian Entomologist,103, 1237--60.[2]
Saether, O.A. (1974) Morphology and terminology of female genitalia in Chironomidae (Diptera). Entomologisk Tidskrift Supplement,95, 216--24.[2]
Saether, O.A. (1975) Nearctic chironomids as indicators of lake typology. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,19, 3127--33.[12][15]
Saether, O.A. (1976) Revision of Hydrobaenus,Trissocladius,Zalutschia,P aratrissocladius,and some related genera (Diptera: Chironomidae). Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,195, 1-287.[3]
Saether, O.A. (1977a) Female genitalia in Chironomidae and other Nematocera: morphology, phylogenies, keys. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,197, 1--204.[2][3][18]
Saether, O.A. (1977b) Taxonomic studies on Chironomidae: Nanocladius,Pseudochironomusand the Harnischiacomplex. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,196, 1--143.[3]
Saether, O.A. (1979a) Underlying synapomorphies and anagenetic analysis. Zoologica Scripta,8, 305--12.[3][18]
Saether, O.A. (1979b) Hierarchy of the Chironomidae with special emphasis on the female genitalia (Diptera). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,10, 17--26.[3]
Saether, O. A. (1979c) Chironomid communities as water quality indicators. Holarctic Ecology,2, 65--74.[15]
Saether, O.A. (1980a) Glossary of chironomid morphology terminology (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement, 14, 1--51.[2][18]
Saether, O.A. (1980b) The influence of eutrophication on deep lake benthic invertebrate communities. Progressive Water Technology,12, 161--80.[15]
Saether, O.A. (1981) Orthocladiinae (Chironomidae: Diptera) from British West Indes with descriptions of Antillocladiusn. gen., Lipurometriocnemusn.gen., Compterosmittian.gen. and Diplosmittian.gen. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,16, 1--46.[4]
Saether, O.A. (1983) The canalized evolutionary potential: inconsistencies in phylogenetic reasoning. Systematic Zoology,32, 343--59.[3][18]
Saether, O.A. (1986) The myth of objectivity -- post Hennigian deviations. Cladistics,2, 1--13.[3]
Saether, O.A. (1989) Phylogenetic trends and their evaluation in chironomids with special reference to orthoclads. Acta Biologica Debrecen, Oecologica Hungarica,2, 53--75.[2][3]
Saether, O.A. (1990a) Midges and the electronic Ouija board. The phylogeny of the Hydrobaenusgroup (Chironomidae: Diptera) revised. Zeitschrift fur Systematische Evolutions-forschung28, 107--36.[3]
Saether, O.A. (1990b) A review of the genus LimnophyesEaton from the Holarctic and Afrotropical regions. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement35, 1--135.[3]
Saether, O.A. and Willassen, E. (1987) Four new species of DiamesaMeigen, 1835 (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the glaciers of Nepal. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,29, 189--203.[1][6]
Sato, H. and Yasuno, M. (1979) Tests on Chironomidae larval susceptibility to various insecticides. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology,30, 361--6.[13]
Saunders, L.G. (1928) Some marine insects of the Pacific coast of Canada. Annals of the Entomological Society of America,21, 521--45.[9]
Samietz, R. (1989) Der Einfluss des Sammelrhythmus auf die Ausbeute der Chironomiden-Emergenz (Diptera). Acta Biologica Debrecen, Oecologica Hungarica,2, 325--33.[18]
Sawedal, L. (1982) Distribution of leg sensilla chaetica in male Chironomidae (Diptera) and its phylogenetic significance. Entomologica Scandinavica,13, 1--22.[2]
Sawedal, L. and Hall, R. (1979) Flight tone as a taxonomic character in Chironomidae (Diptera). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,10, 139--43.[9]
Schakau, B. (1986) Preliminary study of the development of the subfossil chironomid fauna (Diptera) of Lake Taylor, South Island, New Zealand, during the younger Holocene. Hydrobiologia,143, 287--91.[16]
Schakau, B. (1991) Stratigraphy of the fossil Chironomidae (Diptera) from Lake Grasmere, South Island, New Zealand, during the last 6000 years. Hydrobiologia,214, 213--21.[16]
Schakau, B. (in prep.) Palaeolimnological studies on sediments from Lake Grasmere, South Island, New Zealand, with special reference to the Chironomidae, Diptera.Ph. D. thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, N.Z.[16]
Schakau, B. and Frank, C. (1984) Die Entwicklung der Chironomiden-Fauna (Diptera) des Tegeler Sees im Spat- und Postglazial. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie,12, 375--82.[16]
Schin, K.S., Poluhowich, J.J., Gamo, T. and Laufer, H. (1974) Degradation of hemoglobin in Chironomusduring metamorphosis. Journal of Insect Physiology,20, 561--71.[14]
Schindler, D.W., Mills, K.H., Malley, D.F., Findlay, D.L., Shearer, J.A., Davies, I.J., Turner, M.A., Linsey, G.A. and Cruikshank, D.R. (1985) Long-term ecosystem stress: The effects of years of experimental acidification on a small lake. Science,228, 1395--1401.[15]
Schlee, D. (1968) Vergleichende Merkmalsanalyse zur Morphologie und Phylogenie der Corynoneura-Gruppe (Diptera: Chironomidae) Zugleich eine Allgemeine Morphologie der Chironomiden-Imago. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde,180, 1--150.[2]
Schlee, D. (1970) Insektenfuhrender Bernstein aus der Unterkreide des Libanon. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Stuttgart. Monatshefte,1970, 40--50.[4]
Schlee, D. (1975) Das Problem der Podonominae-Monophylie; Fossiliendiagnose und Chironomidae-Phylogenetik (Diptera). Entomologica Germanica,1, 316--51.[3][4][18]
Schlee, D. (1977) Florale und extraflorale Nektarien sowie Insektenkot als Nahrungsquelle fur Chironomiden-Imagines (und andere Diptera). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde aus dem Staatlichen Museum fur Naturkunde in Stuttgart, Series A. (Biologie),300, 1--16.[9]
Schlosser, I.J. and Ebel, K.K. (1989) Effects of flow regime and cyprinid predation in a headwater stream. Ecological Monographs,59(1), 41--57.[17]
Schmid, P.E. (1992a) Population dynamics and resource utilization by larval Chironomidae (Diptera) in a backwater area of the River Danube. Freshwater Biology,28, 111--27.[10][12]
Schmid, P.E. (1992b) Community structure of larval Chironomidae (Diptera) in a backwater area of the River Danube. Freshwater Biology,27, 151--67.[12]
Schmid, P.E. (1993) Habitat preferences as patch selection of larval and emerging chironomids (Diptera) in a gravel brook. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 419--29.[10]
Schmidt, E.R. (1989) Molecular Biology of Chironomus: state-of-the-art. Acta Biologica Debrecen, Oecologica Hungarica,2, 151--63. [1]
Schnell, O. (1988) Twenty eight Chironomidae (Diptera) new to Norway. Fauna norwegica Series B,35, 1--4.[4]
Schnell, O. (1991) New records of Chironomidae (Diptera) from Norway (II), with two new species synonyms. Fauna Norvewica, series B,38, 5--10.[4]
Schofield, K., Townsend, C.R. and Hildrew, A.G. (1988) Predation and the prey community of a headwater stream. Freshwater Biology,20, 85--95.[12]
Schroeder, G.L. (1974) Use of fluid cowshed manure in fish ponds. Bamidgeh,26, 84--96.[17]
Sclater, W.L. and Sclater, P.L. (1899) The Geography of Mammals,Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner, London.[4]
Scott, A. (1985) Distribution, growth, and feeding of post emergent grayling Thymallus thymallusin an English River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,114, 525--31.[17]
Scott, W. and Opdyke, D.F. (1941) The emergence of insects from Winona Lake. Investigations of Indiana Lakes and Streams,2, 4--14.[9]
Sebastian, R.J. and Lockhart, W.L. (1981) The influence of formulation on toxicity and availability of a pesticide (methoxychlor) to black fly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae), some non-target aquatic insects and fish. The Canadian Entomologist,113, 281--93.[15]
Seminara M. and Bazanti, M. (1988) Trophic level assessment of profundal sediments of the artificial lake Campotosto (Central Italy), using midge larval community (Diptera: Chironomidae). Hydrobiological Bulletin,22, 183--93.[15]
Sendstad, E., Solem, J.O. and Aagaard, K. (1977) Studies of terrestrial chironomids (Diptera) from Spitsbergen. Norwegian Journal of Entomology,24, 91--8.[6]
Sephton, T.W. (1987) Some observations on the food of larvae of Procladius bellus(Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects,9, 195--202.[7]
Sephton, T.W. and Paterson, C.G. (1986) Production of the chironomid Procladius bellusin an annual drawdown reservoir. Freshwater Biology,16, 721--33.[11]
Sephton, T.W., Paterson, C.G. and Fernando, C.H. (1980) Spatial interrelationships of bivalves and nonbivalve benthos in a small reservoir in New Brunswick, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology,58, 852--9.[12]
Serra-Tosio, B. (1971) Contribution a l'etude Taxonomique, Phylogenetique, Biogeographique, et Ecologique des Diamesini (Diptera, Chironomidae). Doctoral thesis, University of Grenoble, France.[3]
Serra-Tosio, B. (1989) Revision des especes ouest-paleactiques et nearctiques de BoreoheptagyiaBrundin avec des cles pour les larves, les nymphs et les imagos (Diptera, Chironomidae). Spixiana,11, 133--73.[3]
Serra-Tosio, B. (1989b) Ecologie et Biogeographie des Boreoheptagyia(Diptera, Chironomidae, Diamesinae). Acta Biologica Debrecen, Oecologica Hungarica,3, 289--94.[4]
Serra-Tosio, B. and Laville, H. (1991). List annotee des Dipteres Chironomides de France continentale at de Corse. Annales de Limnologie,27, 37--74.[4]
Shaw, P.C. and Mark, K.-K. (1980) Chironomid farming -- a means of recycling farm manure and potentially reducing water pollution in Hong Kong. Aquaculture,21, 155--63.[17]
Sheehan, P.J. and Knight, A.W. (1985) A multilevel approach to the assessment of ecotoxicological effects in a heavy metal polluted stream. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,22, 2364--70.[15]
Sheldon, A.L. (1969) Size relationships of Acroneuria californica(Perlidae: Plecoptera) and its prey. Hydrobiologia,34, 85--94.[12]
Shilova, A.I. (1960) The metamorphosis of Cryptochironomus burganadzeaeTshern. Transactions of the Biological Institute of Inland Waters of the Academy of Science, USSR,5, 71--80.[In Russian] [7]
Shilova, A.I. (1965) The metamorphosis of Parachironomus vitiosusGoetgh. and some data on its biology. Transactions of the Biological Institute of Inland Waters of the Academy of Science, USSR,8, 102--9.[In Russian] [7]
Shilova, A.I. (1966) The metamorphosis of Odontomesa fulvaKieff. Transactions of the Biological Institute of Inland Waters of the Academy of Science, USSR,12, 239--50.[In Russian] [7]
Shilova, A.I. (1968) The information on biology of genus ParachironomusLenz. Transactions of the Biological Institute of Inland Waters of the Academy of Science, USSR,17, 104--23.[In Russian] [7]
Shilova, A.I. and Zelentsov, N.I. (1972) Vliyanie fotoperiodizma na diapauzu u khironomid.[The influence of photoperiodism on diapause in Chironomidae] Informatsionnyi Byulleten Biologiya. Vnutrennikh Vod,13, 37--42.[9]
Shimizu, K. (1978) On the nuisance midge in Kanda River. Seikatsu to Kankyo23: 25--38.[13]
Shiozawa, D.K. and Barnes, J.R. (1977) The microdistribution and population trends of larval Tanypus stellatusCoquillett and Chironomus frommeriAtchley and Martin (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Utah Lake, Utah. Ecology,58, 610--8.[10]
Shireman, J.V., Opuszynski, K. and Okoniewska, G. (1989) Food and growth of hybrid bass fry Morone saxatilis x Morone chrysopsunder intensive culture conditions. Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii,35(1), 109--18.[17]
Siegfried, C.A. (1984) The benthos of a eutrophic mountain reservoir: influence of reservoir level on community composition, abundance, and production. California Fish and Game,70, 39--52.[10][11]
Siegfried, C.A. and Knight, A.W. (1976) Prey selection by a setipalpian stonefly nymph, Acroneuria (Calineuria) californicaBanks (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Ecology,57, 603--8.[12][17]
Silina, Y.P. (1959) Systematics and morphology of the chironomid genus LimnochironomusKieffer. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo gidrobiologicheskogo Obshchestva,9, 121--8. (In Russian).[5]
Simpson, K.W. (1983) Communities of Chironomidae (Diptera) from an acid-stressed headwater stream in the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 34, 315--27.[15]
Sinegre, G., Babinot, M., Vigo, G. and Tourenq, J. N. (1990) Sensibilite de trois especes de Chironomus (Diptera) a huit insecticides utilises en demoustication. Annales de Limnologie,26, 65--71.[13][15]
Singh, M.P. and Harrison, A.D. (1982) Diel periodicities of emergence of midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) from a wooded stream on the Niagara Escarpment, Ontario. Aquatic Insects,4, 29--38.[9]
Singh, M.P. and Harrison, A.D. (1984) The chironomid community (Diptera: Chironomidae) in a southern Ontario stream and the annual emergence patterns of common species. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,99, 221--53.[10]
Singh, S.P., Malhotra, J.C., Seth, R.N., Srivastava, K.P. and Chandra, K. (1981) Observations on rearing of hatchlings of catfish Mystus seenghala. Aquaculture,26, 161--6.[17]
Sjoberg, K. and Danell, K. (1982) Feeding activity of ducks in relation to diel emergence of chironomids. Canadian Journal of Zoology,60(6), 1383--7.[17]
Sladecek, V. (1973) System of water quality from the biological point of view. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie Beiheft Ergebnisse der Limnologie,7, 1--218.[15]
Sly, P. G. (1986) Review of postglacial environmental changes and cultural impacts in the Bay of Quinte. Canadian Special Publications in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,86, 7--26.[16]
Smit, H., Klaren, P. and Snoek, W. (1991) Lipiniella arenicolaShilova (Diptera: Chironomidae) on a sandy flat in the Rhine-Meuse estuary: distribution, population structure, biomass and production of larvae in relation to periodical drainage. Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie Verhandlungen,24,2918--23.[7]
Smit, H., Heinis, F., Bijkerk, R. and Kerkum, F. (1993) Lipiniella arenicola(Chironomidae) compared with Chironomus muratensisand Ch. nudiventris: distribution patterns related to depth and sediment characteristics, diet and behavioural response to reduced oxygen concentrations. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 431--40. [6]
Smith, E.L. (1969) Evolutionary morphology of external insect genitalia. 1. Origin and relationships to other appendages. Annals of the Entomological Society of America,62, 1051--260.[2]
Smith, I.M. and Oliver, D.R. (1976) The parasitic associations of larval water mites with imaginal aquatic insects, especially Chironomidae. Canadian Entomologist,108, 1427--42.[12]
Smith, L.C. and Smock, L.A. (1992) Ecology of invertebrate predators in a Coastal Plain stream. Freshwater Biology,28, 319--29.[7]
Smith, V.G.F. and Young, J.O. (1973) The life histories of some Chironomidae (Diptera) in two ponds on Merseyside, England. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,72, 333--55.[10]
Smock, L.A. (1980) Relationships between body size and biomass of aquatic insects. Freshwater Biology,10, 375--83.[11]
Smol, J. P. (1990) Paleolimnology -- recent advances and future challenges, in Scientific Perspectives in Theoretical and Applied Limnology(eds R. de Bernardi, G. Giussani and L. Barbanti). Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia,47, 253--76.[16]
Smol, J.P. (1992) Paleolimnology: an important tool for effective ecosystem management. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health,1, 49--58.[16]
Smol, J.P., Walker, I.R. and Leavitt, P.R. (1991) Paleolimnology and hindcasting climatic trends. Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie Verhandlungen,24, 1240--6.[16]
Sneath, P.H.A. and Sokal, R.R. (1973) Numerical Taxonomy. The Principles and Practice of Numerical Classification.W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, pp.573 [3]
Snyder, R.J. (1984) Seasonal variation in the diet of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatusin Contra Costa County, California. California Fish and Game,70(3), 167--72.[17]
Sokolova, N.Yu. (1971) Life cycles of chironomids in the Uchinskoye Reservoir. Limnologica,8, 151--5.[11]
Sokolova, N.Ju., Palij, A.V. and Izvekova, E.I. (1993) Biology of Chironomus pigerStr. and its role in the self-purification of the river. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 509--12.[17]
Soldan, T. (1978) Die Wirtsspezifizitat und Verbreitung von Symbiocladius rhithrogenae(Diptera, Chironomidae) in der Tschechoslowakei. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca,75, 194--200.[12]
Soldan, T. (1979) The effect of Symbiocladius rhithrogenae(Diptera, Chironomidae) on the development of reproductive organs of Ecdyonurus lateralis(Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae). Folia Parasitologica (Praha),26, 45--50.[12]
Soldan, T. (1988) Distributional patterns, host specificity and density of an epoictic midge, Epoicocladius flavens(Diptera, Chironomidae) in Czechoslovakia. Vevstnik Ceske Spolecvnosti Zoologicke,52, 278--89.[12]
Soltz, D.B., Hilsenhoff, W.L. and Stitch, H.F. (1968) A virus disease of Chironomus plumosus,Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,12, 118--28.[13]
Soluk, D.A. (1985) Macroinvertebrate abundance and production of psammophilous Chironomidae in shifting sand areas of a lowland river. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,42, 1296--302.[7][10][11]
Soluk, D.A. and Clifford, H.F. (1985) Microhabitat shifts and substrate selection by the psammophilous predator Pseudiron centralisMcDunnough (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology,63, 1539--43.[17]
Soponis, A.R. (1977) A revision of the Nearctic species of Orthocladius (Orthocladius)van der Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada,102, 1--187.[2]
Soponis, A.R. and Russell, C.L. (1984) Larval Drift of Chironomidae (Diptera) in a North Florida Stream. Aquatic Insects,6, 191--9.[5]
Southwood, T.R.E. (1966) Ecological Methods. Chapman and Hall, London.[10]
Spataru, P. (1976) Natural feed of Tilapia aureaSteindachner in polyculture, with supplementary feed and intensive manuring. Bamidgeh,28, 57--63.[17]
Spataru, P. (1978) Food and feeding habits of Tilapia zillii(Gervais) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel). Aquaculture,14, 327--38.[17]
Sprahamian, M.W. (1989) The diet of juvenile and adult twaite shad Alosa fallax fallaxLacepede from the rivers Severn and Wye, Britain UK. Hydrobiologia,179(2), 173--82.[17]
Sprules, W.M. (1947) An ecological investigation of stream insects in Algonquin Park, Ontario. University of Toronto Studies. Biological Series,56, 1--81.[9]
Stahl, J.B. (1986) A six-year study of abundance and voltinism of Chironomidae (Diptera) in an Illinois cooling reservoir. Hydrobiologia,134, 67--79.[15]
Stahl, J.B. (1969) The uses of chironomids and other midges in interpreting lake histories. Mitteilungen Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,17, 111--25.[16]
Stark, J.D. (1989) Chironomidae (non-biting midges) in Guide to the Aquatic Insects of New Zealand(eds M.J. Winterbourne and K.L.D. Gregson), Bulletin of the Entomological Society of New Zealand,9, pp.72--81.[3]
Steffan, A.W. (1965) Plecopteracoluthus downesigen. et sp. nov. (Diptera, Chironomidae), a species whose larvae live phoretically on larvae of Plecoptera. Canadian Entomologist,97, 1323--44.[12]
Steffan, A.W. (1968) Zur Evolution und Bedeutung epizoischen Lebensweise bei Chironomidae--Larven (Diptera). Annales Zoologici Fennici,5, 144--50.[12]
Steffan, A.W. (1971) Chironomid (Diptera) biocoenoses in Scandinavian glacier brooks. Canadian Entomologist, 103, 477--86.[6]
Steinhaus, E.A. and Brinley, F.J. (1957) Some relationships between bacteria and certain sewage-inhabiting insects. Mosquito News,17, 299--302.[13]
St Louis, V.L., Breebaart, L. and Barlow, J.C. (1990) Foraging behavior of tree swallows over acidified nonacidic lakes. Canadian Journal of Zoology,68(11), 2385--92.[17]
Stockner, J.G. and Shortreed, K.R.S. (1978) Enhancement of autotrophic production by nutrient addition in coastal rainforest stream on Vancouver Island. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,35, 28--34.[17]
Storey, A.W. (1986) Population Dynamics, Production and Ecology of Three Species of Epiphytic chironomid. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Reading.[5][7]
Storey, A.W. (1987) Influence of temperature and food quality on the life history of an epiphytic chironomid. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,29, 339--7.[10]
Storey, A.W. and Edward, D.H.D. (1989) Longitudinal variation in community structure of Chironomidae (Diptera) in two south-western Australian river systems. Acta Biologica Debrecina Supplementum Oecologica Hungarica,3, 315-28.[15]
Storey, A.W. and Pinder, L.C.V. (1985) Mesh size and efficiency of sampling of larval Chironomidae. Hydrobiologia,124, 193--7.[5]
Stout, R.J. and Taft, W.H. (1985) Growth patterns of a chironomid shredder on fresh and senescent tag alder leaves in two Michigan streams. Journal of Freshwater Ecology,3, 147--53.[7][10]
Street, M. (1977) The food of Mallard ducklings in a wet gravel quarry, and its relation to duckling survival. Wildfowl,28, 113--25.[17]
Street, M. and Titmus, G. (1979) The colonization of experimental ponds by Chironomidae (Diptera). Aquatic Insects,1, 233--44.[9]
Strenzke, K. (1950a) Die Pflanzengewasser von Scirpus sylvaticusund ihre Tierwelt. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,44, 123--70.[6]
Strenzke, K. (1950b) Systematik, Morphologie und Okologie der terrestrischen Chironomiden. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Supplement,18, 207--414.[6]
Strenzke, K. (1959) Revision der Gattung ChironomusMeig. 1. Die Imagines von 15 norddeutschen Arten und Unterarten. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,56, 1--42.[17]
Strenzke, K. (1960a) Metamorphose und Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Gattung ClunioHal.(Dipt.). Suomalaisen Elain-ja Kasvitieteellisen Seuran Vanamon Tiedonannot,22, 1--30.[2][3]
Strenzke, K. (1960b) Die systematische und "kologische Differenzierung der Gattung Chironomus. Annales Zoologici Fennici,26, 111--38.[9]
Strenzke, K. (1960c) Terrestrische Chironomiden. XIX--XXIII (Diptera: Chironomidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeiting,7, 414--41.
Strenzke, K. and Neumann, D. (1960) Die Variabilitat der abdominalen Korperanhange aquatischer Chironomidenlarven in Abhangigkeit von der Ionenzusammensetzung des Mediums. Biologisches Zentralblatt,79, 199--225.[2][6]
Streufert, J.M., Jones, J.R. and Sanders, H.O. (1980) Toxicity and biological effects of phthalate esters on midges (Chironomus plumosus). Transactions, Missouri Academy of Science,14, 33--40.[15]
Strohmeier, K.L., Crowley, P.H. and Johnson, D.M. (1989) Effects of red-spotted newts Notophthalmus viridescenson the densities of invertebrates in a permanent fish-free pond a one-month enclosure experiment. Journal of Freshwater Ecology,5(1), 53--66.[17]
Strong, D.R., Simberloff, D., Abele, L.G. and Thistle, A.B. (1984) Ecological Communities: Conceptual Issues and the Evidence. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Stuart, T.A. (1942) Chironomid larvae of Millport shore pools.Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,60, 475--502.[5]
Sublette, J.E. (1979) Scanning electron microscopy as a tool in taxonomy and phylogeny of the Chironomidae. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,10, 47--65.[2]
Sublette, J.E. and Sublette, M.S. (1973) Family Chironomidae, in Catalogue of the Diptera of the Oriental Region, Part 1,(eds M. Delfinado and E.D. Hardy), University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, pp.389--422.[3][4]
Sublette, J. E. and Sublette, M. S. (1974) A review of the genus Chironomus(Diptera: Chironomidae). V. The maturus-- complex. Studies of Natural Sciences,Portales, New Mexico, 1, 1--41.[13]
Sublette, J. E. and Sublette, M. S. (1988) An overview of the potential for Chironomidae (Diptera) as a world-wide source for potent allergens, in International Symposium on Mite and Midge Allergy,(ed. T. Miyamoto), Ministries of Education, Science and Culture, Tokyo.[13]
Sugden, L.G. (1973) Feeding ecology of Pintail, Gadwall, American Wigeon and Lesser Scaup ducklings. Canadian Wildlife Services Report,24, pp.45.[17]
Sugg, P., Edwards, J.S. and Baust, J. (1983) Phenology and life history of Belgica antarctica,an Antarctic midge (Diptera: Chironomidae) Ecological Entomology,8, 105--13.[10]
Sullivan, R.T. (1980) Insect swarming and mating. Florida Entomologist,64, 44--65.[9]
Suomalainen, E., Saura, A. and Lokki, J. (1976) Evolution of parthenogenetic insects. Evolutionary Biology,9, 209--57.[9]
Sutcliffe, D.W. (1960) Osmotic regulation in the larvae of some euryhaline Diptera. Nature,187, 331--2.[6]
Svensson, B.S. (1976) The association between Epoicocladius ephemeraeKieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) and Ephemera danicaMuller (Ephemeroptera). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,77, 22--36.[12]
Svensson, B.S. (1979) Pupation, emergence and fecundity of phoretic Epoicocladius ephemerae(Chironomidae). Holarctic Ecology,2, 41--50.[9][12]
Svensson, B.S. (1986) Eukiefferiella ancylasp. n. (Diptera: Chironomidae) a commensalistic midge on Ancylus fluviatilisMuller (Gastropoda: Ancylidae). Entomologica Scandinavica,17, 291--98.[12]
Syrjamaki, J. (1960) Humidity reactions and water balance of Allochironomus crassiforcepsKieff. (Dipt., Chironomidae). Suomen hyonteistiellinen Aikakauskirja,26, 138--56.[9]
Syrjamaki, J. (1963) The change in the humidity reaction of Cricotopus sylvestrisFabr. (Dipt., Chironomidae) during the swarming period. Annales Entomologici Fennici,29, 147--51.[9]
Syrjamaki, J. (1964) Swarming and mating behaviour of Allochironomus crassiforcepsKieff. (Dipt., Chironomidae). Annales Zoologici Fennici,2, 145--52.[9]
Syrjamaki, J. (1965) Laboratory studies on the swarming behaviour of Chironomus strenzkeiFittkau in litt. (Dipt., Chironomidae). I. Mechanism of swarming and mating. Annales Zoologici Fennici,2, 145--52.[9]
Syrjamaki, J. (1966) Dusk swarming of Chironomus pseudothummiStrenzke (Dipt., Chironomidae). Annales Zoologici Fennici,3, 20--8.[9]
Syrjamaki, J. (1968a) Diel patterns of swarming and other activities of two arctic dipterans (Chironomidae and Trichoceridae) on Spitsbergen. Oikos,19, 250--8.[9]
Syrjamaki, J. (1968b) A peculiar swarming mechanism of an Arctic chironomid (Diptera) at Spitzbergen. Annales Zoologici Fennici,5, 151--2.[9]
Taylor, L.R. (1974) Insect migration, flight periodicity and the boundary layer. Journal of Animal Ecology,43, 225--38.[9]
Tabaru, Y. (1975) Outbreak of chironomid midge in a polluted river and chemical control of the larvae. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology,26: 247--51.[13]
Tabaru, Y. (1985a) Studies on chemical control of a nuisance chironomid midge (Diptera: Chironomidae). 1. Larvicidal activity of organophosphorus insecticides against Chironomus yoshimatsui. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology,36, 289--94.[13]
Tabaru, Y. (1985b) Studies on chemical control of nuisance chironomid midge (Diptera: Chironomidae). 2. Chemical control of the midge larvae in a sewage treatment plant by dripping technique and effects of the chemicals on microorganisms in activated sludge. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology,36, 295--302.[13]
Tabaru, Y. (1985c) Studies on chemical control of a nuisance chironomid midge (Diptera: Chironomidae). 3. Susceptibility of Chironomus yoshimatsuicollected from various rivers to the three kinds of organophosphorus larvicides and larval control trials with chlorpyrifos methyl in the field. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology,36, 303--8.[13]
Tabaru, Y. (1985d) Studies on chemical control of a nuisance chironomid midge (Diptera: Chironomidae). 4. Efficacy of two insect growth regulators to Chironomus yoshimatsuiin laboratory and field. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology,36, 309--13.[13]
Tabaru, Y. (1986) Some problems on the chemical control of the midges. Seikats to Kankyo,31, 55--61.[13]
Tabaru, Y., Matsunaga, H. and Sato, A. (1978) Chemical control of the chironomid larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the polluted river in reference to the controlled area and the mortality of the intoxicated larvae carried by the stream. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology,29, 87--91.[13]
Tabaru, Y., Moriya, K. and Ali, A. (1987) Nuisance midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) and their control in Japan. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association,3, 45--9.[13][14]
Tait-Bowman, C.M. (1978) Chironomid larvae in the Shropshire meres: the relationship between distribution and tracheal patterns. Acta Universitatis Carolinae-Biologica,1978, 245--51.[2]
Tait-Bowman, C. (1980) Emergence of chironomids from Rostherne Mere, England, in Chironomidae: Ecology, Systematics, Cytology and Physiology(ed. D.A. Murray), Pergamon, New York, pp.291--5.[10]
Tang, Y. and Chen, T. (1959) Control of chironomid larvae in milkfish ponds. Chinese-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction, Fish series,4, 1--36.[13]
Tarwid, M. (1969) Analysis of the contents of the alimentary tract of predatory Pelopiinae larvae (Chironomidae). Ekologia Polska Series A,17, 125--31.[7]
Teal, J. M. (1957) Community metabolism in a temperate cold spring. Ecological Monographs,27, 283--302.[18]
Tee, R.D., Gad El Rab, M.O., Cranston, P.S. and Kay, A.B. (1983) Allergens of the "green nimitti' midge. Proceedings of the XI International Congress of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,1983, 541--4.[14]
Tee, R.D., Cromwell, O., Longbottom, J.L., Cranston, P.S. and Kay, A.B. (1984) Partial characterisation of the allergens associated with hypersensitivity to the green nimitti midge (Cladotanytarsus lewisi,Diptera, Chironomidae). Clinical Allergy,14, 117--27.[14]
Tee, R.D., Cranston, P.S., Dewair, M., Prelicz, H., Baur, X. and Kay, A.B. (1985) Evidence for haemoglobins as common allergenic determinants in IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to chironomids (non-biting midges). Clinical Allergy,15, 335--43.[14]
ten Winkel, E.H. (1987) Chironomid Larvae and Their Food Web Relations in the Littoral Zone of Lake Maarsseveen. PhD Thesis, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. pp.145.[5][17]
ten Winkel, E.H. and Davids, C. (1987) Population dynamic aspects of chironomid larvae of the littoral zone of Lake Maarsseveen I. Hydrobiological Bulletin,21, 81--94.[12][17]
Terek, J. and Losos, B. (1979) Zivotne cykly a produkcia dominantnych foriem cel'ade Chironomidae vo vel'kom vihorlatskom jazere. Biologia (Bratislava),34, 851--60.[10][11]
ter Heerdt, G. and de Nie, H.W. (1987) A note on the feeding behaviour of the eel Anguilla anguilla(L.) in aquaria. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, 109(3), 471--75.[17]
Terry, F.W. (1913) On a new genus of Hawaiian chironomids. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society,2, 291--5.[5][9]
Theron, J.G. (1972) Chironomidae (Diptera) causing damage to motor cars (by ruining fresh paint). Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa,35, 361.[9]
Thienemann, A. (1910) Das Sammeln von Puppenhauten der Chironomiden. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,6, 213--4.[18]
Thienemann, A. (1922) Die beiden Chironomus-arten der Tiefenfauna der norddeutschen Seen. Ein hydrobiologisches Problem. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,13, 609--46.[15]
Thienemann, A. (1934) Chironomiden-Metamorphosen. Stettiner Entomologischer Zeitung,95, 1--23.[3]
Thienemann, A. (1937) Podonominae, eine neue Unterfamilie der Chironomiden (Chironomiden aus Lappland I). Mit einem Beitrag: Edwards, F.W.: On the European Podonominae (adult stage). Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie, Hydrographie,35, 65--112.[3]
Thienemann, A. (1939) Die Chironomiden forschung in ihrer Bedeutung fur Limnologie und Biologie. Biologische Jaarbuch,6, 107--54.[18]
Thienemann, A. (1950) Verbreitungsgeschichte der Susswassertierwelt Europas. Versuch einer historischen Tiergeographie der europaischen Binnengewasser. Die Binnengewasser,18, 1--809.[10]
Thienemann, A. (1952) Bestimmungstabelle fur die Larven der mit Diamesa nachste verwandten Chironomiden. Beitrage zur Entomologie,2, 244--56.[3]
Thienemann, A. (1954). Chironomus. Leben, Verbreitung und wirtshaftliche Bedeutung der Chironomiden. Binnengewasser20, pp.834.[2][5][6][7][9][10][15][17][18]
Thienemann, A. and Strenzke, K. (1940a) Terrestrische Chironomiden III-IV: Zwei parthenogenetische Formen. Zoologischer Anzeiger,132, 24--40.[5]
Thienemann, A. and Strenzke, K. (1940b) Terrestrische Chironomiden I: Pseudosmittia holsata,eine neue Art mit fakultativer Parthenogenese. Zoologischer Anzeiger,132, 238--44.[5]
Thienemann, A. and Zavrvel, J. Die Metamorphose der Tanypinen. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie und Planktonkunde,2, 566--654.[3]
Thompson, D.J. (1978) Prey size selection by larvae of the damselfly, Ischnura elegans(Odonata). Journal of Animal Ecology,47. 769--85.[17]
Thornhill, R. and Alcock, J. (1983) The Evolution of Insect Mating Systems. Harvard University Press, London.[9]
Thornton, I.W.B. and New, T.R. (1988) Krakatau invertebrates: the 1980s fauna in the context of a century of recolonisation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,322, 493--522.[4]
Thorp, J.H. (1986) Two distinct roles for predators in freshwater assemblages. Oikos,47, 75--82.[17]
Thorp, J.H. and Bergey, E.A. (1981a) Field experiments on responses of a freshwater, benthic macroinvertebrate community to vertebrate predators. Ecology,62, 365--75.[17]
Thorp, J.H. and Bergey, E.A. (1981b) Field experiments on interactions between vertebrate predators and larval midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the littoral zone of a reservoir. Oecologia (Berlin),50, 285--90.[12][17]
Thorp, J.H. and Chesser, R. K. (1983) Seasonal responses of lentic midge assemblages to environmental gradients. Holarctic Ecology,6, 123--32.[12][15]
Thurston, R.V., Gilfoil, T.A., Meyn, E.L., Zajdel, R.K., Aoki, T.I. and Veith, G.D. (1985) Comparative toxicity of ten organic chemicals to ten common aquatic species. Water Research,19, 1145--55.[15]
Tikkanen, P. (1989) The chironomid larvae of a flow-through lake in northern Finland: the situation after 22 years of intense regulation. Acta Biologica Debrecina Supplementum Oecologica Hungarica,3, 351--9.[15]
Timmermans, K.R. and Walker, P.A. (1989) The fate of trace metals during metamorphosis of chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae). Environmental Pollution,62, 73--85.[15]
Timmermans, K.R., Peeters, W. and Tonkes, M. (1992) Cadmium, zinc, lead and copper in Chironomus riparius(Meigen) larvae (Diptera; Chironomidae): uptake and effects. Hydrobiologia,241, 119--34.[15]
Timms, B.V. (1978) The benthos of seven lakes in Tasmania. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,81, 422--44.[6][15]
Titmus, G. (1979) The emergence of midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) from a wet gravel-pit. Freshwater Biology,9, 165--79.[9]
Titmus, G. and Badcock, R.M. (1980) Production and emergence of chironomids in a wet gravel pit, in Chironomidae: Ecology, Systematics, Cytology and Physiology(ed. D.A. Murray), Pergamon, Oxford. pp.299--305.[11]
Titmus, G. and Badcock, R.M. (1981) Distribution and feeding of larval Chironomidae in a gravelpit lake. Freshwater Biology,11, 263--71.[7]
Tjonneland, A. (1962) The nocturnal flight activity and the lunar rhythm of emergence in the African midge Conochironomus acutistilus(Freeman). Contributions from the Faculty of Science, University College of Addis Ababa, Series Zoology,4, 1-21.[9]
Tokeshi, M. (1985) Life cycle and production of the burrowing mayfly Ephemera danica: a new method for estimating growth. Journal of Animal Ecology,54, 919--30.[12]
Tokeshi, M. (1986a) Resource utilization, overlap and temporal community dynamics: a null model analysis of an epiphytic chironomid community. Journal of Animal Ecology,55, 491--506.[7][11]
Tokeshi, M. (1986b) Population dynamics, life histories and species richness in an epiphytic chironomid community. Freshwater Biology,16, 431--42.[7][10][17]
Tokeshi, M. (1986c) Population ecology of the commensal chironomid Epoicocladius flavenson its mayfly host Ephemera danica. Freshwater Biology,16, 235--44.[10][12]
Tokeshi, M. (1988) Two commensals on a host: habitat partitioning by a ciliated protozoan and a chironomid on the burrowing mayfly, Ephemera danica. Freshwater Biology,20, 31--40.[12]
Tokeshi, M. (1990a). Niche apportionment or random assortment: species abundance patterns revisited. Journal of Animal Ecology,59, 1129--1146.[12]
Tokeshi, M. (1990b). Density -- body size allometry does not exist in a chironomid community on Myriophyllum. Freshwater Biology,24, 613--8.[12]
Tokeshi, M. (1991a) On the feeding habits of Thienemannimyia festiva(Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects,13, 9--16.[7][12]
Tokeshi, M. (1991b). Faunal assembly in chironomids (Diptera): generic association and spread. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,44, 353--367.[12][18]
Tokeshi, M. (1992) Dynamics of distribution in animal communities: theory and analysis. Researches on Population Ecology,34, 249--73.[12]
Tokeshi, M. (1993a). The structure of diversity in an epiphytic chironomid community. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 461--70.[12]
Tokeshi, M. (1993b). On the evolution of commensalism in the Chironomidae. Freshwater Biology,29, 481--489.
Tokeshi, M. (1993c). Species abundance patterns and community structure.Advances in Ecological Research,24, 111--86.[12]
Tokeshi, M. (1994) Community ecology and patchy freshwater habitats, in Aquatic Ecology: Scale, Pattern and Process(eds P.S. Giller, A.G. Hildrew and D.G. Raffaeli), Blackwell Scientific Publications. (in press).[12]
Tokeshi, M. and Pinder, L.C.V. (1985) Microhabitats of stream invertebrates on two submersed macrophytes with contrasting leaf morphology. Holarctic Ecology,8, 313--9.[6][12]
Tokeshi, M. and Pinder, L.C.V. (1986) Dispersion of epiphytic chironomid larvae and the probability of random colonization. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie, Hydrographie,71, 613--20.[12]
Tokeshi, M. and Townsend, C.R. (1987) Random patch formation and weak competition: coexistence in an epiphytic chironomid community. Journal of Animal Ecology,56, 833--45.[12]
Tokunaga, M. (1932) Morphological and biological studies on a new marine chironomid fly, Pontomyia pacificafrom Japan. Part I: Morphology and taxonomy. Memoirs of the College of Agriculture, Kyoto University,19, 1--56.[5][6][9]
Tokunaga, M. (1935) Chironomidae from Japan (Diptera). IV. The early stages of a marine midge, Telmatogeton japonicusTokunaga. Philippine Journal of Science,57, 491--511.[5][9]
Tokunaga, M. (1965) Chironomids as winter bait of the over-wintering swallows. Akitu,12, 39--41.[17]
Tokunaga, M. and Kuroda, M. (1936) Stenochironomusmidge from Japan (Diptera), with notes on controlling methods of a leaf mining midge. Transactions of Kansai Entomological Society,7, 1--6.[13]
Tompkins, A.M. and Gee, J.H. (1983) Foraging behavior of brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans(Kirtland): optimization of time, space, and diet. Canadian Journal of Zoology,61, 2482--90.[12]
Tonnoir, A. (1923) Le cycle evolutif de Dactylocladius commensalissp. nov. Annales de Biologie Lacustre,21, 279--91.[12]
Toscano, R.J. and McLachlan, A.J. (1980) Chironomids and particles: microorganisms and chironomid distribution in a peaty upland river, in Chironomidae: Ecology, Systematics, Cytology and Physiology,(ed. D.A. Murray), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp.171--7.[7]
Townes, H.K. (1938) VI. Studies on the food organisms of fish. A biological survey of the Allegheny and Chemung watersheds. Annual Report of the New York State Conservation Department, Supplement, 27, 162--75.[10]
Townes, H. K. (1945) The nearctic species of Tendipedini (Diptera, Tendipedidae (= Chironomidae)). American Midland Naturalist,34, 1--206.[18]
Tonnoir, A. (1923) Le cycle evolutif de Dactylocladius commensalissp. nov. Annales de Biologie Lacustre,21, 279--91.[12]
Tracy, B.H. and Hazelwood, D.H. (1983) The phoretic association of Urnatella gracilis(Entoprocta: Urnatellidae) and Nanocladius downesi(Diptera: Chironomidae) on Corydalus cornutus(Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Freshwater Invertebrate Biology,2, 186--91.[12]
Trowbridge, A.C. (ed.) (1962) Dictionary of Geological Terms,Dolphin Books. pp.545.[16]
Tsai, S.C. and Legner, E.F. (1977) Exponential growth in culture of the planarian mosquito predator, Dugesia dorotocephala(Woodworth). Mosquito News,37, 474--8.[13]
Tsukada, M. (1967) Successions of Cladocera and benthic animals in Lake Nojiri. Japanese Journal of Limnology,28, 107--23.[16]
Tsukada, M. (1972) The history of Lake Nojiri, Japan. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science,44, 339--65.[16]
Tsumuraya, T., Moriya, K., Matsumoto, T. and Mori, T. (1982) The ecology and control of Chironomus yoshimatsuiin the sewage water treatment plant. Yosui to Haisui,24, 1356--62.[13]
Tubb, R.A. and Doris, T.C. (1965) Herbivorous insect populations in oil refinery effluent-holding pond series. Limnology and Oceanography,10, 121--34.[17]
Tudorancea, C., Fernando, C.H. and Paggi, J.C. (1988) Food and feeding ecology of Oreochromis niloticusLinnaeus 1758 juveniles in Lake Awassa Ethiopia. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie Supplementband,79(2/3), 267--89.[17]
Tuiskunen, J. and Lindeberg, B. (1986) Chironomidae (Diptera) from Fennoscandia north of 68oN, with a description of ten new species and two new genera. Annales Zoologici Fennici,23, 361--93.[4]
Tuxen, S.L. (1944) The hot springs, their animal communities and their zoogeographical significance. Zoology of Iceland,1, 1--206.[6]
Ueno, M. (1930) Mayfly nymph and chironomid larva. Transactions of the Kansai Entomological Society,1, 46--48. (In Japanese).[12]
Usher, M.B. and Edwards, M. (1984) A dipteran from south of the Antarctic Circle: Belgica antarctica(Chironomidae), with a description of its larva. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,23, 19--31 [1]
Uutala, A.J. (1981) Composition and secondary production of the chironomid (Diptera) communities in two lakes in the Adirondack mountain region, New York, in Effects of Acidic Precipitation on Benthos, Proceedings of the Symposium on the effects of Acidic Precipitation on Benthos, 1980(ed. R. Singer), North American Benthological Society, Hamil ton, N.Y., pp.139--54.[11]
Uutala, A.J. (1986) Paleolimnological Assessment of the Effects of Lake Acidification on Chironomidae (Diptera) Assemblages in the Adirondack Region of New York.Ph.D. thesis, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, N.Y., pp.156.[16]
Uutala, A. J. (1990) Chaoborus(Diptera: Chaoboridae) mandibles -- paleolimnological indicators of the historical status of fish populations in acid-sensitive lakes. Journal of Paleolimnology,4, 139--51.[16]
Vaillant, F. (1956) Recherches sur la faune madicole (hygropetrique s.l.) de France, de Corse et d'Afrique de Nord. Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris,11, 1--258.[6]
Van Der Velde, G. and Hiddink, R. (1987) Chironomidae mining in Nuphar lutea(L.) Sm. (Nymphaeaceae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,29, 255--64.[6][7]
Vannote, R.L., Minshall, G.W., Cummins, K.W., Sedell, J.R. and Cushing, C.E. (1980) The river continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,37, 130--7.[6][7][15]
Vareschi, E. and Jacobs, J. (1984) The ecology of Lake Nakuru (Kenya) V. Production and consumption of consumer organisms. Oecologia,61, 83--98.[11]
Vepsalainen, K. (1986) Chironomid wing length: a measure of habitat duration and predictability? Oikos,46, 269--71.[9]
Vilchez-Quero, A. and Casas, J.J. (1987) Quironomidos (Diptera) de los rios de Sierra Nevada (Grenada, Espana). Actas IV Congresso Espanol de Limnologia,223--232.[4]
Vilchez-Quero, A. and Lavandier, P. (1986) Composition et rythme journalier de la derive des exuvies nymphales de Chironomides dans le Guadalquivir (Sierra de Cazorla -- Espagne). Annales de Limnologie,22, 253--60.[9]
Vinikour, W.S. (1982) Phoresis between the snail Oxytrema(=Elima) carniferaand aquatic insects, especially Rheotanytarsus(Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomological News,93, 143--51.[12]
Vodopich, D.S. and Cowell, B.C. (1984) Interaction of factors governing the distribution of a predatory aquatic insect. Ecology,65, 39--52.[7][12]]
Vollestad, L.A. and Andersen, R. (1985) Resource partitioning of various age groups of brown trout Salmo truttain the littoral zone of Lake Selura, Norway. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,105, 177--85.[17]
Walde, S.J. (1986) Effect of an abiotic disturbance on a lotic predator--prey interaction. Oecologia (Berlin),69, 243--7.[12]
Walde, S.J. and Davies, R.W. (1984) Invertebrate predation and lotic prey communities: evaluation of in situ enclosure/exclosure experiments. Ecology,1206--13.[7][12]
Walentowicz, A.T. and McLachlan, A.J. (1980) Chironomids and particles: a field experiment with peat in an upland stream, in Chironomidae: Ecology, Systematics, Cytology and Physiology(ed. D.A. Murray), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp.179--85.[7]
Walker, I.R. (1987) Chironomidae (Diptera) in paleoecology. Quaternary Science Reviews,6, 29--40.[16]
Walker, I.R. (1991) Modern assemblages of arctic and alpine Chironomidae as analogues for late-glacial communities. Hydrobiologia,214, 223--7.[16]
Walker, I.R. (1993) Paleolimnological biomonitoring using freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates. in Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates,(eds D.M. Rosenberg and V.H. Resh), Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc., N. Y., pp.306--343.[16]
Walker, I.R., Fernando, C.H. and Paterson, C.G. (1985) Associations of Chironomidae (Diptera) of shallow, acid, humic lakes and bog pools in Atlantic Canada, and a comparison with an earlier paleoecological investigation. Hydrobiologia,120, 11--22.[15][16]
Walker, I.R. and Mathewes, R.W. (1987a) Chironomidae (Diptera) and postglacial climate at Marion Lake, British Columbia, Canada. Quaternary Research,27, 89--102.[16]
Walker, I.R. and Mathewes, R.W. (1987b) Chironomids, lake trophic status, and climate. Quaternary Research,28, 431--7.[16]
Walker, I.R. and Mathewes, R.W. (1988) Late-Quaternary fossil Chironomidae (Diptera) from Hippa Lake, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, with special reference to CorynoceraZett. The Canadian Entomologist, 120, 739--751.[16]
Walker, I.R. and Mathewes, R.W. (1989a) Early postglacial chironomid succession in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, and its paleoenvironmental significance. Journal of Paleolimnology,2, 1--14.[16]
Walker, I.R. and Mathewes, R.W. (1989b) Much ado about dead Diptera. Journal of Paleolimnology,2, 19--22.[16]
Walker, I.R. and Mathewes, R.W. (1989c) Chironomidae (Diptera) remains in surficial lake sediments from the Canadian Cordillera: analysis of the fauna across an altitudinal gradient. Journal of Paleolimnology,2, 61--80.[16]
Walker, I.R. and Paterson, C.G. (1983) Post-glacial chironomid succession in two small, humic lakes in the New Brunswick -- Nova Scotia (Canada) border area. Freshwater Invertebrate Biology,2, 61--73.[16]
Walker, I.R., Mott, R.J. and Smol, J.P. (1991a) Allero/d Younger Dryas lake temperatures from midge fossils in Atlantic Canada. Science,253, 1010--2.[16]
Walker, I.R., Smol, J.P., Engstrom, D.R. and Birks, H.J.B. (1991b) An assessment of Chironomidae as quantitative indicators of past climatic change. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,48, 975--87.[16]
Walker, I.R., Smol, J.P., Engstrom, D.R. and Birks, H.J.B. (1992) Aquatic invertebrates, climate, scale, and statistical hypothesis testing: a response to Hann, Warner, and Warwick. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,49, 1276--80.[16]
Walker, I.R., Oliver, D.R. and Dillon, M.E. (1993) The larva and habitat of Parakiefferiella nigraBrundin (Diptera: Chironomidae). Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology26, 527--531.[16]
Wallace, A.R. (1876) The Geographical Distribution of Animals,Macmillans, London.[4]
Wallace, J.B. and Merritt, R.W. (1980) Filter-feeding ecology of aquatic insects. Annual Review of Entomology,25, 103--32.[7]
Wallace, J.B., Lugthart, G.J., Cuffney, T.F. and Schurr, G.A. (1989) The impact of repeated insecticidal treatments on drift and benthos of a headwater stream. Hydrobiologia,179, 135--47.[15]
Wallace, J.B., Huryn, A.D. and Lugthart, G.J. (1991) Colonization of a headwater stream during three years of seasonal insecticidal applications. Hydrobiologia,211, 65--76.[15]
Walshe, B.M. (1951) The feeding habits of certain chironomid larvae (subfamily Tendipedinae). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,121, 63--79.[15]
Walter, L. (1973) Syntheseprozesse an den Riesenchromosomen von Glyptotendipes. Chromosoma,41, 327-60.[17]
Wang, X. and Zheng, L. (1993) Checklist of Chironomidae records from China. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 247--55.[4]
Wang, W. (1987) Factors affecting metal toxicity to (and accumulation by) aquatic organisms -- overview. Environment International,13, 437--57.[15]
Ward, A.F. and Williams, D.D. (1986) Longitudinal zonation and food of larval chironomids (Insecta: Diptera) along the course of a river in temperate Canada. Holarctic Ecology,9, 48--57.[7][15]
Ward, A.K., Dahm, C.N. and Cummins, K.W. (1985) Nostoc(Cyanophyta) productivity in Oregon stream ecosystems: invertebrate influences and differences between morphological types. Journal of Phycology,21, 223--7.[7][12]
Ward, G.M. and Cummins, K.W. (1978) Life history and growth pattern of Paratendipes albimanusin a Michigan headwater stream. Annals of the Entomological Society of America,71, 272-284.[10]
Ward, G.M. and Cummins, K.W. (1979) Effects of food quality on growth of a stream detritivore, Paratendipes albimanus(Meigen)(Diptera: Chironomidae). Ecology,60, 57--64.[10]
Ward, J.V. (1992) Aquatic Insect Ecology 1. Biology and Habitat,John Wiley and Sons, New York.[6]
Ward, J.V. and Dufford, R.G. (1979) Longitudinal and seasonal distribution of macroinvertebrates and epilithic algae in a Colorado springbrook-pond system. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,86, 284--321.[6]
Warner, B.G. and Hann, B.J. (1987) Aquatic invertebrates as paleoclimatic indicators? Quaternary Research,28, 427--30.[16]
Warren, C.E., Wales, J.H., Davis, G.E. and Doudoroff, P. (1964) Trout production in an experimental stream enriched with sucrose. Journal of Wildlife Management,28, 617--60.[17]
Warwick, W.F. (1975) The impact of man on the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario, as shown by the subfossil chironomid succession (Chironomidae, Diptera). Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,19, 3134--41.[15]
Warwick, W.F. (1980) Palaeolimnology of the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario: 2800 years of cultural influence. Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,206, 1--117.[16]
Warwick, W.F. (1985) Morphological abnormalities in Chironomidae (Diptera) larvae as measures of toxic stress in freshwater ecosystems: indexing antennal deformities in ChironomusMeigen. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,42, 1881--914.[15]
Warwick, W.F. (1988) Morphological deformities in Chironomidae (Diptera) larvae as biological indicators of toxic stress, in Toxic Contaminants and Ecosystem Health: a Great Lakes Focus(ed. M. S. Evans). Advances in Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 21, Wiley & Sons, New York, pp.281--320.[15]
Warwick, W.F. (1989a) Morphological deformities in larvae of ProcladiusSkuse (Diptera: Chironomidae) and their biomonitoring potential. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,46, 1255--70.[15]
Warwick, W.F. (1989b) Chironomids, lake development and climate: a commentary. Journal of Paleolimnology,2, 15--7.[16]
Warwick, W.F. (1991) Indexing deformities in ligulae and antennae of Procladiuslarvae (Diptera: Chironomidae): application to contaminant- stressed environments. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,48, 1151--66.[15]
Warwick, W.F. and Tisdale, N.A. (1988) Morphological deformities in Chironomus, Cryptochironomus,and Procladiuslarvae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from two differentially stressed sites in Tobin Lake, Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,45, 1123--44.[15]
Waters, T.F. (1969) The turnover ratio in population ecology of freshwater invertebrates. American Naturalist,103, 173--85.[11]
Waters, T.F. (1977) Secondary production in inland waters. Advances in Ecological Research,10, 91--164.[11]
Waters, T.F. and Crawford, G.W. (1973) Annual production of a stream mayfly population: a comparison of methods. Limnology and Oceanography,18, 286--96.[11]
Waters, T.F. and Hockenstrom, J.C. (1980) Annual production and drift of the stream amphipod Gammarus pseudolimnaeusin Valley Creek, Minnesota. Limnology and Oceanography,25, 700--10.[11]
Watrous, L.E. and Wheeler, Q.D. (1981) The out-group comparison method of character analysis. Systematic Zoology,30, 1--11.[3]
Watson, C.N. and Heyn, M.W. (1993) A preliminary survey of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Costa Rica, with emphasis on the lotic fauna. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 257--62.[4]
Way, M.O. and Wallace, R.G. (1989) First record of midge damage to rice in Texas. Southwestern Entomologist,14, 27--33.[7][13]
Webb, C.J. and Scholl, A. (1987) Comparative morphology of the larval ventromental plates of European species of EinfeldiaKieffer and ChironomusMeigen (subgenera Lobochironomusand Camptochironomus(Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,29, 75--86.[2]
Webb, C.J., Cranston, P.S. & Martin, J. (1989) Congruence between larval ventromental plate ultrastructure and immature morphology in YamaSublette & Martin and some Oceanian species of ChironomusMeigen (Diptera: Chironomidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society97: 81-100.[3]
Webb, D.W. (1980) The effects of toxaphene piscicide on benthic macroinvertebrates. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society,53, 731--44.[15]
Webb, D.W. (1981) The benthic macroinvertebrates from the cooling lake of a coal-fired electric generating station. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin,32, 358--77.[15]
Weil, C.K. (1938) Hay-fever due to the scales of the Tanytarsus. International Correspondence Society of Allergists,1938, 63.[14]
Weil, C.K. (1940) Summer hay fever of unknown origin in the Southwest. Journal of Allergy,11, 361--75.[14]
Weiser, J. (1948) Zwei neuartige Erkrankungen bei Insekten. Experientia (Basel),4, 317--8.[13]
Weiser, J. (1976) The intermediary host for the fungus Coelomomyces chironomi,Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,28, 273--4.[13]
Weiser, J. and McCauley, V.J.E. (1971) Two Coelomomycesinfections of Chironomidae (Diptera) larvae in Marion Lake, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology,49, 65--8.[12][13]
Weiser, J. and McCauley, V.J.E. (1974) Bertramia marionensisn. sp., a fungal parasite of Chironomidae (Diptera) larvae. Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde,43, 299--304.[13]
Weiser, J. and Vavra, J. (1964) Zur Verbreitung der Coelomomyces--Pilzen in europaischen Insekten. Tropenmedezin und Parasitologie,15, 38--42.[12]
Welch, H.E. (1973) Emergence of Chironomidae (Diptera) from Char Lake, Resolute, Northwest Territories. Canadian Journal of Zoology,51, 1113--23.[9]
Welch, H.E. (1976) Ecology of Chironomidae (Diptera) in a polar lake. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 33, 227--47.[9][10][11]
Welch, H.E., Jorgenson, J.K. and Curtis, M.F. (1988) Emergence of Chironomidae (Diptera) in fertilized and natural lakes at Saqvaqjuac, N.W.T. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science,45, 731--7.[9][11]
Welton, J.S., Mills, C.A. and Rendle, E.L. (1983) Food and habitat partitioning in two small benthic fishes, Noemacheilus barbatulus(L.) and Cottus gobioL. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,97, 434--54.[17]
Welton, J.S., Ladle, M., Bass, J.A.B. and Clarke, R.T. (1991) Grazing of epilithic chironomid larvae at two different water velocities in recirculating streams. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,121, 405--18.[7]
Wensler, R.J.D. and Rempel, J.G. (1962) The morphology of the male and female reproductive systems of the midge, Chironomus plumosusL. Canadian Journal of Zoology,40, 199--229.[2][5]
Werner, E.E., Gilliam, J.F., Hall, D.J., Mittlebach, G.G. (1983) An experimental test of the effects of predation risk on habitat use in fish. Ecology,64, 1540--8.[12]
Wesenberg-Lund, C. (1913) Fortpflanzungsverh„ltnisse: Paarung und Eiablage der Susswasserinsekten. Fortschritte der naturwissenschaftlichen Forschung,8, 161--286.[9]
Wetzel, R.G. (1983) Limnology,2nd edn, Saunders, Philadelphia.[7]
White, T.R. and Fox, R.C. (1979) Chironomid (Diptera) larvae and hydroptilid (Trichoptera) pupae in a phoretic relationship on a macromiid (Odonata) nymph. Notulae Odonatologica,1, 76--7.[12]
White, T.R., Weaver, J.S. III and Fox, R.C. (1980) Phoretic relationships between Chironomidae (Diptera) and benthic macroinvertebrates. Entomological News,91, 69--74.[12]
Whiteside, M. C. (1983) The mythical concept of eutrophication. Hydrobiologia,103, 107--11.[16]
Wiederholm, T. (1971) Bottom fauna and cooling water discharges in a basin of Lake Malaren. Institute of Freshwater Research Drottningholm Report,51, 197--214.[15]
Wiederholm, T. (1976) Chironomids as indicators of water quality in Swedish lakes.Naturvardsverkets limnologiska undersokningar information,10, 1--17.[15]
Wiederholm, T. (1979) Chironomid remains in recent sediments of Lake Washington. Northwest Science,53, 251--6.[16]
Wiederholm, T. (1980) Use of benthos in lake monitoring. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation,52, 537--47.[15]
Wiederholm, T. (1981) Associations of lake-living Chironomidae. A cluster analysis of Brundin's and recent data from Swedish lakes. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Hydrologie,43, 140--50.[15]
Wiederholm, T. (ed.)(1983) Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and Diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement, 19, 1--457.[1][2][3][18]
Wiederholm, T. (1984a) Responses of aquatic insects to environmental pollution, in The Ecology of Aquatic Insects,(eds V. H. Resh and D. M. Rosenberg), Praeger, New York, pp.508--57.[15]
Wiederholm, T. (1984b) Incidence of deformed chironomid larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Swedish lakes. Hydrobiologia,109, 243--9.[15]
Wiederholm, T. (ed.)(1986) Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and Diagnoses. Part II. Pupae. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,28, 1--482.[1][2][3][18]
Wiederholm, T. (ed.)(1989) Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and Diagnoses. Part III. Adults. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,34, 1--532.[1][2][4][18]
Wiederholm, T. and Eriksson, L. (1977) Benthos of an acid lake. Oikos,29, 261--7.[15]
Wiederholm, T. and Eriksson, L. (1979) Subfossil chironomids as evidence of eutrophication in Ekoln Bay, Central Sweden. Hydrobiologia,62, 195--208.[15][16]
Wiens, A.P. and Rosenberg, D.M. (1984) Effect of impoundment and river diversion on profundal macrobenthos of Southern Indian Lake, Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,41, 638--48.[15]
Wiens, A.P., Rosenberg, D.M. and Evans, K.W. (1975) Symbiocladius equitans(Diptera: Chironomidae), an ectoparasite of Ephemeroptera in the Martin River, Northwest Territories, Canada. Entomologica Germanica,2, 113--20.[12]
Wiggins, G.B. and Mackay, R.J. (1978) Some relationships between systematics and trophic ecology in nearctic aquatic insects, with special reference to Trichoptera. Ecology,59, 1211--20.[7]
Wiklund, C. and Fagerstrom, T. (1977) Why do males emerge before females? A hypothesis to explain the incidence of protandry in butterflies. Oecologia,31, 153--8.[9]
Wilda, T.J. (1984) The production of five genera of Chironomidae (Diptera) in Lake Norman, a North Carolina reservoir. Hydrobiologia,108, 145--52.[11]
Wiles, P. R. (1982) A note on the watermite Hydrodroma despiciensfeeding on chironomid egg masses.Freshwater Biology,12, 83--7.[5]
Wiley, M.J. (1978) The biology of some Michigan trout stream chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) Michigan Academician,1978, 193--209.[11]
Wiley, M.J. and Warren, G.L. (1992) Territory abandonment, theft, and recycling by a lotic grazer: a foraging strategy for hard times. Oikos,63, 495--505.[7]
Wiley, M. and Kohler, S.L. (1984) Behavioral adaptations of aquatic insects, in The Ecology of Aquatic Insects,(eds V.H. Resh and D.M. Rosenberg), Praeger, New York, pp.101--33.[9]
Williams, C.B. (1964) Patterns in the Balance of Nature. Academic Press, London.[12]
Williams, C.J. (1982) The drift of some chironomid egg masses. Freshwater Biology,12, 573--8.[5]
Williams, D.A. (1974) An infestation by a parthenogenetic chironomid. Water Treatment and Examination,23, 215--29.[8][13]
Williams, D.D. (1981) The first diets of postemergent Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) alevins in a Quebec River. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,38, 765--71.[17]
Williams, D.D. (1982) Emergence pathways of adult insects in the upper reaches of a stream. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie,67, 223--4.[9]
Williams, D.D. and Feltmate, B.W. (1992) Aquatic Insects,C.A.B. International, Wallingford, UK.[6]
Williams, G.C. (1979) The question of adaptive sex-ratio in outcrossed vertebrates. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B,205, 567--80.[9]
Williams, K.A. (1981) Population dynamics of epiphytic chironomid larvae in a chalk stream. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Reading.[5][6][7]
Williams, K.A., Green, D.W.J. and Pascoe, D. (1985) Studies on the acute toxicity of pollutants to freshwater macroinvertebrates. 1. Cadmium. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,102, 461--71.[15]
Williams, K.A., Green, D.W.J. and Pascoe, D. (1986a) Studies on the acute toxicity of pollutants to freshwater macroinvertebrates. 3. Ammonia. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,106, 61--70.[15]
Williams, K.A., Green, D.W.J., Pascoe, D. and Gower, D.E. (1986b) The acute toxicity of cadmium to different larval stages of Chironomus riparius(Diptera: Chironomidae) and its ecological significance for pollution regulation. Oecologia (Berlin),70, 362--6.[15]
Williams, K.A., Green, D.W.J., Pascoe, D. and Gower, D.E. (1987) Effect of cadmium on oviposition and egg viability in Chironomus riparius(Diptera: Chironomidae). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,38, 86--90.[9][15]
Wilson, L.F. (1969) Shoreline aggregation behaviour of adults of a midge Chironomussp. (Diptera: Chironomidae) at Solberg Lake, Wisconsin. Michigan Entomologist,2, 14--9.[9][17]
Wilson, H. (1913) Preliminary report of a case of sensitization to the May fly (Ephemera). Journal of the American Medical Association,61, 1648.[14]
Wilson, R.S. (1977) Chironomid pupal exuviae in the River Chew. Freshwater Biology,7, 9--17.[12]
Wilson, R.S. (1980) Classifying rivers using chironomid pupal exuviae, in Chironomidae -- Ecology, Systematics, Cytology and Physiology(ed. D.A. Murray), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp.209--16.[15]
Wilson, R.S. (1987) Chironomid communities in the River Trent in relation to water chemistry. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement,29, 387--93.[15]
Wilson, R.S. (1988) A survey of the zinc-polluted River Nent (Cumbria) and the East and West Allen (Northumberland), England, using chironomid pupal exuviae. Spixiana Supplement,14, 167--74.[15]
Wilson, R.S. (1989) The modification of chironomid pupal exuvial assemblages by sewage effluent in rivers within the Bristol Avon catchment, England. Acta Biologica Debrecina Supplementum Oecologica Hungarica,3, 367--76 [15]
Wilson, R.S. and Bright, P.L. (1973) The use of chironomid pupal exuviae for characterizing streams. Freshwater Biology,3, 283--302.[15][18]
Wilson, R.S. and McGill, J.D. (1977) A new method of monitoring water quality in a stream receiving sewage effluent, using chironomid pupal exuviae. Water Research,11, 959--62.[15]
Wilson, R.S. and McGill, J.D. (1982) A Practical Key to the Genera of Pupal Exuviae of the British Chironomidae (Diptera, Insecta).University of Bristol Printing Office, Bristol.[15]
Wilson, R.S. and Wilson, S.E. (1983) A reconnaissance of the river Rhine using Chironomidae pupal exuviae (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society,34, 361--85.[15]
Wilson, R.S. and Wilson, S.E. (1985) A survey of the distribution of Chironomidae (Diptera, Insecta) of the river Rhine by sampling pupal exuviae. Hydrobiological Bulletin,18, 119--32.[15]
Wilson, S.E., Walker, I.R., Mott, R.J. and Smol, J.P. (1993) Climatic and limnological changes associated with the Younger Dryas in Atlantic Canada. Climate Dynamics,8, 177--87.[16]
Winberg, G.G., Patalas, K., Hillbricht-Ilkowska, A., Cooper, W.E. and Mann, K.H. (1971) Methods for calculating productivity, in A Manual on Methods for the Assessment of Secondary Productivity in Fresh Waters(eds W.T. Edmonson and G.G. Winberg), Blackwell, pp.296--317.[11]
Winberg, G.G., Babitsky, V.A., Gavrilov, S.I., Gladky, G.V., Zakharenkov, I.S., Kovalevskaya, R.Z., Mikheyeva, T.M., Nevyadomskaya, P.S., Ostapenya, A.P., Petrovich, P.G., Potaenko, J.S. and Yakushko, O.F. (1972) Biological productivity of different types of lakes, in Productivity Problems of Freshwaters(eds Z. Kajak and A.Hillbricht--Ilkowska), PWN Polish Scientific Publishers, Warszawa--Krakow, Poland, pp.383--404.[11]
Winberg, G.G., Alimov, A.F., Boullion, V.V., Ivanova, M.B., Korobtzova, E.V., Kuzmitzkaya, N.K., Nikulina, N.V., Finogenova, N.P. and Fursenko, M.V. (1973) Biological productivity of two subarctic lakes. Freshwater Biology,3, 177--97.[11]
Winfield, D.K. (1991) The ecology of the overwintering diving ducks of Lough Neagh, with particular reference to their interactions with the fish populations. M.Phil. Thesis, University of Ulster.[12]
Winner, R.W., Boesel, M.W. and Farrel, M.P. (1980) Insect community structure as an index of heavy-metal pollution in lotic ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,37, 647--55.[15]
Winterbourn, M.J. (1969) The distribution of algae and insects in hot spring thermal gradients at Waimangu, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,3, 459--65.[6]
Winterbourn, M.J., Rounick, J.S. and Cowie, B. (1981) Are New Zealand stream ecosystems really different? New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,15, 321--8.[15]
Wirth, W.W. (1947) A review of the Genus TelmatogetonSchiner, with descriptions of three new Hawaiian species (Diptera: Tendipedidae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society,13, 145--91.[8][9]
Wirth, W. W. (1949) A revision of the Clunioninae midges with descriptions of a new genus and four new species (Diptera: Tendipedidae). University of California Publications in Entomology,8, 151-82.[3]
Wirth, W.W. (1975) The species of Cricotopusmidges living in the blue--green alga Nostocin California (Diptera: Tendipedidae). Pan-Pacific Entomology,33, 121--6.[12]
Wirtz, R.A. (1984) Allergic and toxic reactions to non-stinging arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology,24, 47--69.[14]
Wishart, G. and Riordan, D.F. (1959) Flight responses to various sounds by adult males of Aedes aegypti(L.). Canadian Entomologist,91, 181--91.[9]
Wissing, T.E. and Hassler, A.D. (1968) Calorific values of some invertebrates in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,25, 2515--8.[17]
Wissing, T.E. and Hassler, A.D. (1971) Intraseasonal change in caloric content of some freshwater invertebrates. Ecology,52, 371--3.[17]
Wood, D.M. and Borkent, A. (1989) Phylogeny and classification of the Nematocera, in Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Volume 3,(ed. J.F. McAlpine), Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa. Agriculture Canada Monograph 32, pp.1333--70.[3]
Woodin, M.C. and Swanson, G.A. (1989) Foods and dietary strategies of prairie-nesting ruddy ducks and redheads. Condor,91(2), 280--7.[17]
Wool, D. and Kugler, J. (1969) Circadian rhythm in chironomid species (Diptera) from the Hula Nature Preserve, Israel. Annales Zoologici Fennici,6, 94--7.[9]
Worden, D. M. (1986) Chironomid paleoecology and the paleolimnology of Otsego Lake, New York,M.S. thesis, University of Massachussetts, Amherst, Massachussetts, pp.116.[16]
Wotton, R.S., Armitage, P.D., Aston, K., Blackburn, J.H., Hamburger, M. and Woodward, C.A. (1993) Colonization and emergence of midges (Chironomidae: Diptera) in slow sand filter beds Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology,26, 331--9.[17]
Wright, J.F., Moss, D., Armitage, P.D. and Furse, M.T. (1984) A preliminary classification of running-water sites in Great Britain based on macro-invertebrate species and the prediction of community type using environmental data. Freshwater Biology,14, 221--56.[15]
Wright, J.F., Armitage, P.D., Furse, M.T. and Moss, D. (1985) The classification and prediction of macroinvertebrate communities in British rivers. Annual Report Freshwater Biological Association,53, 80--93.[15]
Wright, J.F., Armitage, P.D., Furse, M.T. and Moss, D. (1988) A new approach to the biological surveillance of river quality using macroinvertebrates. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,23, 1548--52.[15]
Wrubleski. D.A. and Ross, L.C.M. (1989) Diel periodicties of adult emergence of Chironomidae and Trichoptera from the Delta Marsh, Manitoba, Canada. Journal of Freshwater Ecology,5, 163--70.[9]
Wulker, W. (1958) Parasitare Intersexualitat bei Chironomiden des Schluchsees. Gewasser und Abwasser,20, 62--7.[12][13]
Wulker, W. (1960) Neue Ergebnisse der parasitaren Intersexualitat der Chironomiden. Naturwissenschaften,47, 21--2.[12]
Wulker, W. (1961) Untersuchungen uber die Intersexualitat der Chironomiden (Dipt.) nach ParamermisInfektion. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie Supplementband,25, 127--81.[13]
Wulker, W. (1964) Parasite-induced changes of internal and external sex characters in insects. Experimental Parasitology,15, 561--97.[12]
Wulker, W. (1970) Mechanism of parasitic gonad depression in insects. Journal of Parasitology,56, 484--5.
Yamagishi, H. and Fukuhara, H. (1971) Ecological studies on chironomids in Lake Suwa. I. Population dynamics of two large chironomids. Oecologia,7, 309--27.[10][12]
Yamagishi, H. and Fukuhara, H. (1972) Vertical migration of Spaniotoma akamushilarvae (Diptera: Chironomidae) through the bottom deposits of Lake Suwa. Japanese Journal of Ecology,22, 226--7.[10]
Yamamoto, M. (1986) Study of the Japanese Chironomusinhabiting high acidic water (Diptera, Chironomidae) I. Konty–, Tokyo,54, 324--32.[15]
Yamamura, M., Suzuki, K.T., Hatakeyama, S. and Kubota, K. (1983) Tolerance to cadmium and cadmium-binding proteins induced in the midge larva, Chironomus yoshimatsui(Diptera, Chironomidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology,75C, 21--4.[15]
Yamashita, N., Ito, K., Miyamoto, T., Mano, K., Shibuya, T., Kamei, K. and Sasa, M. (1989) Allergenicity of Chironomidae in asthmatic patients. Annals of Allergy,63, 423--6.[14]
Yashouv, A. (1970) Propagation of chironomid larvae as food for fish fry. Bamidgeh,22, 101--5.[17]
Yashouv, A. and Ben Shachar, R. (1967) Breeding and growth of Mugilidae II. Feeding experiments under laboratory conditions with Mugil cephalusL. and M. capito(Cuvier). Bamidgeh,19, 50--66.[17]
Yasuno, M., Hasegawa, J., Iwakuma, T., Imamura, N. and Sugaya, Y. (1982) Effects of temephos on chironomid and plankton populations in eel culture ponds. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology,33, 207--12.[13]
Yasuno, M. and Satake, K. (1990) Effects of diflubenzuron and methoprene on the emergence of insects and their density in an outdoor experimental stream. Chemosphere,21, 1321--35.[15]
Yasuno, M., Hatakeyama, S. and Sugaya, Y. (1985a) Characteristic distribution of chironomids in the rivers polluted with heavy metals. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,22, 2371--7.[15]
Yasuno, M., Sugaya, Y. and Iwakuma, T. (1985b) Effects of insecticides on the benthic community in a model stream. Environmental Pollution (Series A),38, 31--43.[15]
Yokogi, K. and Ueno, R. (1971) Wasabi (Japanese horseradish, Wasabia japonica). Nohson-Gyoson Bunka Kyoukai,Tokyo.[13]
Young, J.O. and Spelling, S.M. (1989) Food utilization and niche overlap in three species of lake-dwelling leeches (Hirudinea). Journal of Zoology (Oxford),219(2), 231--44.[17]
Young, M.R. (1973) Seasonal variation in the occurrence of the parasitic larvae of Cryptochironomussp. near pararostratusKieffer (Diptera) in various freshwater molluscs. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine,109, 143--6.[12]
Yurkowski, M. and Tabachek, J.L. (1979) Proximate and amino acid composition of some natural fish foods, in Proceedings of the World Symposium on Finfish Nutrition and Fish Feed Technology vol. 1(eds J. Halver and K. Tiews), Heinemann, Berlin, pp.435--48.[17]
Zavrel, J. (1918) Uber die Atmung und Respirations-organe der Chironomidenlarven. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie,12, 202--7.[2]
Zavrel, J. (1926) "Tanytarsus connectens". Spisy vydavane Prirodovedeckov fakultou Masarykovy university, 65, 1--47.[5]
Zavrel, J. (1941a) Chironomidarum larvae et nymphae iii (Pseudokiefferiella). Entomologicke Listy,4, 1--6.[3]
Zavrel, J. (1941b) Vergleichend-morphologische Untersuchungen an den Podonomidenlarven (Diptera, Chironomidae) I. Labrum und Praemandibeln. Zoologische Anzeiger,134, 105--15.[2]
Zelinka, M., Helan, J., Opravilova, V., Kubicek, F., Bartokowa, O., Sedlak, E., Obr, S. and Losos, B. (1977) Production conditions of the polluted trout brook. Folia Prvirodovevcke Fakulty University J.E. Purkynev v Brnev,18(7), 5--105.[11]
Zieba, J. (1984) The food of some Chironomini in a carp pond enriched with organic sewage. Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii,31, 257--76.[17]
von Zilah, G. V. (1932) Chironomiden-Studien. Arbeiten des ungarischen biologischen Forschungsinstitutes,5, 77--84 [5]
Zischke, J.A., Arthur, J.W., Nordlie, K.J., Hermanutz, R.O., Standen, D.A. and Henry, T.P. (1983) Acidification effects on macroinvertebrates and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) in outdoor experimental channels. Water Research,17, 47--63.[15]
Zullo, S.J. and Stahl, J.B. (1988) Abundance, distribution and life cycles of midges (Chironomidae: Diptera) in an acid strip-mine lake in southern Illinois. American Midland Naturalist,119, 353--65.[15]
Zur, O. (1980) The importance of chironomid larvae as natural feed and as biological indicator of soil condition in ponds containing common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Tilapia (Sarotherodon aureus). Bamidgeh,32, 66--77.[13]